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Epstein's was the first book to deal with thesituation and phenomenon of the second generation.Much of her book is autobiographical, moving backand forth between her own story and those of othersshe interviewed in Canada, Israel, and the UnitedStates. She found consistent patterns of behaviorincluding guilt, anxiety, and the need to protectparents.Her examples demonstrate that some survivors placedextraordinary burdens of guilt on their children, oftenshrouded in silence, because of their experiences; thatsome, children of survivors experienced deep-rootedanxieties and fears that derived from their unique status;and that in most cases the guilt and anxiety wereaccompanied by exaggerated needs to protect or shieldtheir parents.4444Hass, Aaron. ln the Shadow of the Holocaust: TheSecond Generation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell UniversityPress, 1990. LC 90-55124. ISBN 0-8014-2477-1.Drawing on interviews and survey materials, Hassprovides an informed account of the experiences of thesecond generation in terms of depression, guilt, anger,feelings of being different, and difficulty in separatingfrom parents. Hass devotes particular attention to howmuch survivors talked about their experiences to theirchildren and how this affected the children. He alsoexamines the attitude of the second generation to suchissues as anti-Semitism, Jewish identity, Israel, God,and intermarriage.4454Krystal, Henry, ed. Massive Psychic Trauma. NewYork: International Universities Press, 1968. LC 68-29657. ISBN 0-8236-8146-7.Although it has received criticism in the last tenyears, Krystal's psychoanalytic work on massivepsychic trauma continues to offer a starting point forthe study of the effects of the Holocaust on victims whosurvived. He has identified, along with WilliamNiederland, a "survivor syndrome" which includesvarying degrees of avoidance, depression, intrusion ofmemories, and other symptoms.* 4. 6 ~Langer, Lawrence. Holocaust Testimonies: The Ruinsof Memory. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991.LC 90-044768. ISBN 0-300-04966-8.Langer continues his earlier thesis (see 4. 7) nowsupported by his extensive viewing of the videotapesin the Fortunoff Video Archives for Holocaust Testimoniesat Yale. Langer here posits five types of memory:"deep memory, " "anguished memory, " "humiliatedmemory, " ""taintedmemory, and "unheroicmemory.""Deep memory" refers to the coexistence of "twoadjacent worlds that occasionally intrude on eachother"; "anguished memory" disallows any closure orresolution of painful recollections as it "imprisons theconsciousness it should be liberating"; each of the otherthree deals with various aspects of humiliating experiencesor recollections which survivors find shamefulor "tainted. " For another interpretation, see 2. 134.~ 4. 7 *Langer, Lawrence. Versions of Survival: 7heHolocaustand the Human Spirit. Albany: State University of NewYork Press, 1982. LC 81-14560. ISBN 0-87395-583-8.Langer has relentlessly pursued the strands ofHolocaust narratives and memoirs to rebut any sanguinetheories of inspiration or tutelary conclusions— particularly those of Frankl and Des Pres.Langer argues that any value judgments based on themorality of civilized life are spurious when applied tolife as it was lived in the concentration and deathcamps. He argues that victims of the Holocaust dailywere presented with "choiceless choices, " alternativecourses of action in which equally horrible endsresulted. Langer's is perhaps the most important workon survivor testimonies. It is a seminal and uncompromisinglyhonest interpretation of survivors' accounts.4480Levi, Primo. The Drowned and the Saved. Trans. byRaymond Rosenthal. New York and London: SummitBooks, 1988. LC 87-018052. ISBN 0-671-63280-9.In his last book before his death, Primo Levioffers his final penetrating, searing reflections on thenature of the survivor's experience. Particularlypowerful and suggestive are his concept of "the grayzone, " the area between moral judgments in which theexperiences of the victims become blurred with thebehavior of the perpetrators, experiences for whichthere can be no mediation and no relief, and hisdiscussions of the tainted lives full of paradoxicalshame. His is perhaps the most disturbing and necessaryof survivor essays.4494Moskovitz, Sarah. Love Despite Hate: Child Survivorsof the Holocaust and Their Adult Lives. New York:Schocken, 1983. LC 81-084112. ISBN 0-805-238-018.At the end of the war, the British governmentallowed one thousand child survivors to enter England.The German refugee Alice Goldberger established andran a home for some of these children in Surrey.Moskovitz interviewed twenty-four of these survivors,most of them citizens of the U. S. or Israel. They stillsuffer continuing feelings of loss and outsiderhood butthey are reasonably well-adjusted and actively involvedin communal affairs.The Victims Who Survived 73