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focusing on children, the most vulnerable members ofthe community, she demonstrates how European societyfunctioned during the war years. This study clarifiesthe horror of the Nazi genocide and those who assistedit.+ 2. 22 +Fein, Helen. Accounting for Genocide: NationalResponses and Jewish Victimization during the Holocaust.New York: Free Press, 1979. LC 75-53085.ISBN 0-02-910220.Using social science techniques, Fein attemptedto determine why Jewish death rates were so high insome countries and relatively low in others. Sheexamined such variables as the extent of SS control;the character of the local government; the level of anti-Semitism; the location of the country; the amount ofwarning time; and the size and influence of the Jewishcommunity. She found that in those countries whereJews were viewed as inhabiting the same "universe ofmoral obligation, " resistance to Nazism was greatest.In nine of the twenty-two states or regions occupiedby or allied to Germany, fewer than fifty percent ofthe Jews were killed.+ 2. 23 +Frankl, Viktor E. Man's Search for Meaning: AnIntroduction to Logotherapy. New York: Simon &Schuster, 1963, 1984. LC 84-10520. ISBN 0-671-24422-1.A psychiatrist survivor attributes his survival tothe development of a philosophy which focuses on themeaning of life. That philosophy led Frankl to formulatean existential theory of psychiatric practice whichhe calls "logotherapy. " According to logotherapy, wecan discover the meaning of life in three different ways:by creating a work or doing a deed; by experiencingsomething or encountering someone; and by the attitudewe take toward unavoidable suffering. In the Naziconcentration camp, the third way remained an optioneven in the worst situations because Frankl believeswe retain control of our attitudes toward our ownsuffering. For this reason, he rejects the Bettelheimthesis that those who became more like their tormentorshad the best chance of living.*2. 24 ~Friedman, Philip. Roads to Extinction: Essays on theHolocaust. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society,1980. LC 79-89818. ISBN 0-8276-0170-0.One of the pioneers of Holocaust history, Fried-man, a Polish-Jewish survivor and historian, devotedhimself, until his death in 1960, to the study of theHolocaust. In this collection of his major essays, heexamines the Holocaust from two points of view: thatof German policy and that of Jewish reaction. One longof Lvov's Jews, which heessay is on the annhilationwitnessed; another deals with Ukranian-Jewishunder the Nazis.~ 2. 25 *relationsHartman, Geoffrey, ed. Bitburg in Moral and PoliticalPerspective. Bloomington: Indiana University Press,1986. LC 85-45960. ISBN 0-253-34430-1.Hartman includes a comprehensive group of essayson the moral and political implications of the Bitburgaffair. President Reagan's visit to the cemetery whereWaffen SS lie buried and the general reaction to thecontroversy suggest that we may have reached a pointof saturation with regard to Holocaust issues. The bookincludes Theodore W. Adorno's previously unpublishedanalysis of moral dilemmas generated by the Holocaustand Saul Friedlander's essay on the "new "revisionism.+ 2. 26 *Jaspers, Karl. 7he Question of German Guilt. Trans.from the German by E. B. Ashton. New York: CapricornBooks, 1961. Originally published in Germanyin 1947 as Die Schuldfrage, ein Beitrag zur deutschenFrag e.One of modern Germany's most distinguishedphilosophers, tackles the issue of German guilt. Hedevelops four categories of guilt: criminal guilt,political guilt, moral guilt and metaphysical guilt.Criminal guilt is the result of crimes having beencommitted. Jurisdiction lies with the courts. Politicalguilt involves the actions of leaders and the citizenry.Jurisdiction lies with the victors. Moral guilt emergesfrom the responsibility of each person for all his or herdeeds. Jurisdiction rests with the individual's conscience.Metaphysical guilt derives from the co-responsibilityevery human being shares for evil in the world.Jaspers' definitions may be too restrictive, thus absolvingtoo many of the guilty.~ 2. 27 +Kren, George M. , and Leon Rappaport. 7he Holocaustandthe CrisisofHumanBehavior. New York: Holmes& Meier, 1980. LC 79-23781. ISBN 0-8419-0544-4.The authors argue for the singular nature of theHolocaust by focusing on the Holocaust universe ofthe death camps — the systematic dehumanization of thevictims; the technology of mass death; and the bureaucraticorganization on a wide scale. From the perspectiveof the "ash-darkened prisms" of post-Holocaustsensibility, they analyze how and why the three pillarsof Western civilization — law, religion, and science— failed to prevent the Holocaust.30 GENOCIDE