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The collection contains documents from the palaceof the Sultan Abdul Hamid II relating to the Ottomanmilitary operations against a remote mountaintop clusterof Armenian villages charged with insurrection in 1894.Original Ottoman documents, dated from 19 May 1894to 6 October 1894, are reproduced, transliterated intoLatin script, translated into Turkish and English. Thedocuments are introduced by four essays, three onterrorism, two of which are reprints of earlier worksby Lowry and McCarthy. The third by Dr. CengizKurgad entitled "Armenian Terrorism, " is a sectionfrom his update to the Uras volume. The introductoryessay, wherein the aim of the foundation is given asthe prevention of "the further distortion of events" (p.xxxiii), is also in large part a reprint of the section onthis period from Uras. Under the guise of describingthe episodes of political terrorism from Armenianhistory, Kurgad's work engages in another exercise indenial. Kursad's framework, however, virtually reducesthe last hundred years of Armenian-Turkish relationsto one of terrorism inflicted by Armenians on Turks.The genocide is only "a theme in the campaign ofpropaganda and psychological warfare. " (p. 21) TheOttoman-Russian campaigns during World War I werea war by Armenians against Turks. Besides describingthe "resettlment""policy as a "countermeasure,Kurgad, taking his cue from Guriin, is adamant on thematter of the deportations. "Not a single Armenian wasdeported. " (p. 25)¹ 5. 29 ¹Sonyel, Salahi R. "How Armenian Propaganda Nurtureda Gullible Christian World in Connection withthe Deportations and 'Massacres'. " Belleten 51, no.161 (1977): 157-175."The betrayal of the relatively prosperous Armenianpeople of the Ottoman Empire by their own selfseeking,self-centered and foreign-inspired leaders, andin return, the treachery of some of the Armeniansagainst their own country, Turkey, when that countrywas engaged in a life-and-death struggle against itsenemies during the First World War and after. . . " isthe opening sentence of this article. Apart frombetrayal, Sonyel asserts that Armenian leaders wereskillful in the use of propaganda, themselves "indulgedin a wide campaign of terror and massacre against theMuslims and then persuaded the West that it was theArmenians who were massacred. " Sonyel cataloges allthe different kinds of treachery the Armenians engagedin: espionage, collaboration with enemy powers,propaganda, and atrocities. The journal Belleten ispublished by the Turkish Historical Society.¹ 5. 30 ¹Sonyel, Salahi R. Displacement of the ArmeniansDocuments. Ankara: Turkish Historical Society, 1978.This collection of Ottoman documents — reproducedin facsimile and translated into English, French, andTurkish, including a number of telegrams from 1915signed by Talaat — shows that the displacement of theArmenians was a well-organized, closely monitored,and carefully implemented policy. The documents givethe semblance that the entire process was peaceful,"orderly, and with no harm brought to the "immigrants.According to Sonyel the evidence verifies that "theOttoman Empire planned to displace some of theArmenian citizens temporarily to other parts of thecountry taking the most humane measures. .. " (preface)The editor fails to note that, without geographicalspecification, instructions for "transport" are virtuallymeaningless. For example, one communique fromTalaat reads: "The Armenians within the provinceshould be transported to the areas previously determined." (p. 1) Another signed by the Chief of GeneralStaff glumly states: "It is decided that the Armeniansshould be moved to the interior of the country. " (p.1) Virtually all the instructions are equally vague aboutthe destination of"the people "transported. Nor arethere any indications of the scope of the measures, orthe numbers of persons supposedly relocated. All thedirectives produced refer to the province of Hudavendigar,the area around Bursa which saw no fightingduring World War I. This detail is overlooked by theeditor as it contradicts one of the main arguments byrationalizers and revisionists which insists that onlyArmenians from the "war zones" were deported.¹ 5. 31 ¹Sonyel, Salahi R. The Ottoman Armenians: Victims ofGreat Power Diplomacy. London and Nicosia: K.Rustem & Brothers, 1987.Sonyel attributes the disintegration of Turkish-Armenian relations to the interventionist policies ofEngland and Russia. As they alternated in their sponsorshipof "reforms" on behalf of the Armenians, theEuropean Powers only propelled Armenian nationalism.Consequently, they contributed to the emergence ofArmenian revolutionary organizations. Sonyel characterizesthe massacres from the 1890s on as episodesof civil war, and the genocide of 1915 is called a"Turco-Armenian tragedy. " He maintains that Armenianextremists "succeeded in deceiving the public of theChristian world simply because they posed as a 'martyred'nation in the cause of Christ and clamoured thatthey had been 'massacred. '" Sonyel advances theinteresting notion of a double irrationality as the reasonbehind the suggestion of genocide: Armenian distortion104 GENOCinE