which hardly anybody rema<strong>in</strong>s? Who knows where heis liberated? Who knows where and when I will seehim aga<strong>in</strong>?Father, you are alone and you are my onlythought. I am liberated, but I am afraid to go home.I am afraid for myself. But let's wait now. We shallsee what will happen. Now let there be peace, peaceof m<strong>in</strong>d.Part II: ReflectionsApril 1946 (?) — Auschwitz:An Endless Haunt<strong>in</strong>g.One of the countless, <strong>in</strong>explicable reunions,Agi discovered that her father hadsurvived <strong>in</strong> Russia and had returned toMunkacz shortly after its liberation by theRed Army <strong>in</strong> October 1944. After threemonths <strong>in</strong> Mulberg, she had heard rumorsthat her father lived and managed to f<strong>in</strong>dher way back to Munkacz amidst the postwarchaos. Her father had rented a largehouse which served as a haven for thosefew who returned — an "open house" forthose <strong>in</strong> transit. She conv<strong>in</strong>ced her father,two aunts, and cous<strong>in</strong> that they shouldfollow Marco's advice and emigrate. Oneaunt had discovered the address of a thirdaunt who had married and emigrated toAmerica before the war. With the Americanaunt's assistance, Agi and her family,ten people <strong>in</strong> all, atta<strong>in</strong>ed passports andvisas to leave Czechoslovakia <strong>in</strong> 1948. Butwhat follows <strong>in</strong> her diary marked the firstanniversary of Agi's liberation, an anniversarywhich stimulated reflections thathave never left her.The sound on the radio tells me it's twelveo' clock. I'm sitt<strong>in</strong>g and th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g back. The sound ofthe music tears at my heart because it always takes meback and makes me remember. Remember what? Don' task. I shouldn't even write it. It's Auschwitz. Auschwitzand its flames and its electrified barbed wire.I'm stand<strong>in</strong>g all alone <strong>in</strong> a large crowd. My faceis close to the wires. I'm look<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to the distance. Iwant to muffle the sounds that I hear, but they are tooclose. Just a little quiet, a little peace, a few people— that's all I want around me. Not even otherpeople, but just myself alone. I'd like to be able toth<strong>in</strong>k, but th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g is impossible.Beyond the wire fence there is another crowd ofpeople. But these are different from ourselves. Thesepeople are free. They are the ones who rule over us.They are the German dogs. God, suddenly I can't evenf<strong>in</strong>d words to describe them properly.God, You took my mother away, and my littlebrother. Where did You take them? To the fire?I'm look<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to the fire. And I th<strong>in</strong>k I would gocompletely crazy if I thought that You, God <strong>in</strong> Heaven,You are also look<strong>in</strong>g upon all of this. And You havenot gone crazy.You looked upon us while the <strong>in</strong>nocent children,and my dear ones, were taken there. To us You grantedthe gift of hav<strong>in</strong>g to suffer, of hav<strong>in</strong>g to see all this,and of hav<strong>in</strong>g to cont<strong>in</strong>ue to exist. To them You gaveYour mercy. They listened to the music <strong>in</strong> freedom.We were there to play the music for them. We playedand we listened through our broken hearts. We weretheir prisoners. We were the ones whose m<strong>in</strong>ds Youtook away completely.Here are sounded several motifs of Agi'slife that reflect the "haunt<strong>in</strong>g" of survi-vors: the <strong>in</strong>effable name, not of God, butof Auschwitz ("I shouldn't even write it");the questions, from a Munkacever whoremembers the famous Munkaczi rebbeand the quality of religious life <strong>in</strong> theCarpatho-Ruthenian region where Jewsbreathed religious piety as naturally asair, ' about God and mercy, <strong>in</strong>sanity andsurvival. Fire, the phenomenon and theword, have assumed different mean<strong>in</strong>gsand significance <strong>in</strong> Agi's m<strong>in</strong>d and life.Every fire bears the one she faced eachday across from the crematorium, as everysleep partakes of that sleep for which "Ihate myself" because her lager-motherslipped away while it enveloped her. Now,one year after, she ponders and agonizesover the possible mean<strong>in</strong>gs of these motifs,over the unholy or even absurd conclusionsthat lurk beneath the surface.So I'm stand<strong>in</strong>g and I'm gaz<strong>in</strong>g. And the musicplays unceas<strong>in</strong>gly <strong>in</strong> my ears. It takes me home,sometimes all the way back home.Can anyone comprehend what is go<strong>in</strong>g on?Broken-hearted Jewish prisoners are play<strong>in</strong>g the musicof broken hearts. They play "In Havana" and othersentimental pieces. They play "The Angels are S<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>gWhen You Talk to Me, My Sweetheart. " But that isstill noth<strong>in</strong>g: They are play<strong>in</strong>g "Mama. "The others, the killers, the ruthless German dogswith their w<strong>in</strong>e bottles and their cigarettes, they areenjoy<strong>in</strong>g themselves. They are hav<strong>in</strong>g a party. If weare lucky, they' ll throw down a cigarette butt. One ofus will pick it up.SOGENOCIDE
We are the prisoners doomed to death. And I canonly call ourselves stupid, ignorant, crazy. Because tolive like this — denied everyone and everyth<strong>in</strong>g, kickedand shoved underfoot, degraded and humiliated, dopedand numb — only people who would just as soon be deadcould live through this. Hav<strong>in</strong>g lived it, we are nolonger among the liv<strong>in</strong>g. The liv<strong>in</strong>g could not surviveit.Now, suddenly, I realize I have tears <strong>in</strong> my eyes.They are stream<strong>in</strong>g down my face. Suddenly, I feellike I am home aga<strong>in</strong> and with my family. I am withthose who were everyth<strong>in</strong>g to me. It feels like a verylong time ago that we were all together. But the fire,the cursed flames, still don't let me th<strong>in</strong>k. They wakeme up from my dreams, and my dreams hold the onlyhope for go<strong>in</strong>g on. The flames have awakened meaga<strong>in</strong>. Their hiss<strong>in</strong>g and crackl<strong>in</strong>g have awakened meaga<strong>in</strong>.God, Oh God, give me a little strength. Give mea little sense and take away the daze. I can't even th<strong>in</strong>kfrom the dope. I would like to be able to th<strong>in</strong>k that itstill might be true that somebody, somewhere, waitsfor me.This cannot be true: That I am here, on this earth,all by myself. That there is fire. That there are people.That there are bones. That there are the suffocated<strong>in</strong>nocents. This is impossible: That ours, that m<strong>in</strong>e,are there."<strong>Time</strong> had no mean<strong>in</strong>g, " Agi said dur<strong>in</strong>gan <strong>in</strong>terview. It has become a permeableboundary aga<strong>in</strong>. Where. is she as shewrites these words? In her father's house<strong>in</strong> Munkacz <strong>in</strong> 1946? In the barracks, atthe crematorium, listen<strong>in</strong>g to the prisonersenterta<strong>in</strong> the SS <strong>in</strong> 1944? Is she alive ordead. Or is she "alive and dead". ' Thediary now <strong>in</strong>cludes an attempt to confrontthe past, to analyze or reflect upon theevents that altered and marked Agi's lifeand cont<strong>in</strong>ue to assert a multivalent powerover every thought, act, and word.So perhaps it is good that I can only th<strong>in</strong>k rarelyand rarely do I come to my senses. For it seems likenow, at these moments, I am out of the daze. I canth<strong>in</strong>k clearly. I can see the whole truth.You can do without m<strong>in</strong>d and thought and stillexist. But a liv<strong>in</strong>g human be<strong>in</strong>g has to th<strong>in</strong>k. Therefore,we are not people anymore. We can't call ourselveshuman be<strong>in</strong>gs because we can no longer th<strong>in</strong>k. Andwithout this, life ceases to be life. It is gone completely.I feel like a dead, degraded, cowardly Jew. Andtomorrow, maybe tonight, I will have to get up to workand put on a liv<strong>in</strong>g face. I will have to sew up theclothes and cut up the materials left by those who havegone to the flames. I will have to listen to the humiliat<strong>in</strong>gcurses and feel completely numb and ignorant. Allof this is true. All of this is real.My thoughts have started to wander aga<strong>in</strong>. Theyare wander<strong>in</strong>g to Auschwitz. They are visit<strong>in</strong>g theflames. They are <strong>in</strong> Heaven and talk<strong>in</strong>g with God. Andwho knows where else they are wander<strong>in</strong>g?My pen wants to go on and on by itself. It isslid<strong>in</strong>g from my hand. At times like this my strengthleaves me. It leaves me each time I see it all aga<strong>in</strong>.When I see the truth once more.Music is supposed to be a good tonic. It's supposedto quiet your nerves. And so it quiets m<strong>in</strong>e. Butnow I am turn<strong>in</strong>g off the radio. I don't want music.I don't want Auschwitz music. I don't want flamemusic. I don't want to see it all aga<strong>in</strong>. I don't want thehaunt<strong>in</strong>g.Now I ask You, God, aga<strong>in</strong>:Give me a little peaceful dream. Or no dream atall. Because yesterday and always I only dream aboutmy dead ones. This is not true, God! Tell me it's nottrue! And tell me I'm not question<strong>in</strong>g You <strong>in</strong> such anugly way.Now, as a cowardly soul, I beg Your forgiveness.I thank You for at least giv<strong>in</strong>g my father back to me.Please give him peace of m<strong>in</strong>d <strong>in</strong> his life. Give peaceand well-be<strong>in</strong>g to all my loved ones. Give me no, moredreams that will make me th<strong>in</strong>k back and rememberaga<strong>in</strong>. Give me quietness.God <strong>in</strong> Heaven, Amen.May 6, 1946.God, what's wrong with me? I'm choked with myown cry. I would like to cry, but I can' t. Today, too,I came home full of anger. For no reason. I went tothe theater and to a coffee house. And my poorcompanion couldn't figure out what happened to me,with this unfortunate crazy soul. He couldn't understandmy behavior. He questioned, but unsuccessfully. Icouldn't answer. I could f<strong>in</strong>d no reason myself. Howcould I answer it? One th<strong>in</strong>g I can say: That to th<strong>in</strong>kback is very pa<strong>in</strong>ful. And I'm long<strong>in</strong>g after a mother.What is a family? Only a word. A home and food.Some passengers who by chance f<strong>in</strong>d a rest<strong>in</strong>g place.But when the comedy is over, the stage is taken apart.And soon it disappears."It's hard to be smart. But it's harder yet, witha smart head, to live as though ignorant. "People who dream of happ<strong>in</strong>ess, they wake up tosorrow. People who dream of sorrow, they wake upjoyfully and meet their surround<strong>in</strong>gs with happ<strong>in</strong>ess.This is an unsolved mystery, but tomorrow we mightThe Victims Who Survived 81
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GenocldeIn OurTlme- ,*"f* *An Annot
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DEDICATIONTo Raphael Lemkin(1901-19
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Chapter 5:The Armenian Genocide: Re
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Appendix 167Appendix: Chronology of
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ending sources of joy and hope. In
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Massive human suffering caused by p
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world without any reification and u
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CIIAPTER IETHNOCIDEby Alison Palmer
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als are tempted away by the promise
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Interactionsof Ethnocide and Genoci
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Chapter 1: AnnotatedBibliographyRea
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the inevitable extinction of tribal
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upon the purge of cultural and scie
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traditional ethnic and socio-cultur
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whites. Lizot proposes that integra
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¹ 1. 53 ¹Olson, James S. , and Ra
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tion of indigenes into state politi
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as a potential irredentist national
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serious questions about the notion
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ate and beleaguered institutions th
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es: People in the Machines of Death
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¹ 7. 16 ¹Dadrian, Vahakn N. "A Th
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Corporate Enterprise at Auschwitz"
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* 7. 47 +Nolan, Janne E. , and Albe
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and sometimes irrational. " (p. 7)
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able to evaluate various nuclear we
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In an angry, stimulating book, Aske
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Lang reflects on how technology fac
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This is a pioneering collection of
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"good reasons" for not offering the
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take consistent ethical actions aga
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sadisChart: Taking a Stand Against
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This indicator refers to an advance
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14. Louis Rene Beres, "Genocide, St
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to horrible new acts of violence ag
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* 8. 27 ~Horowitz, Irving Louis. Ge
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~ 8. 41 ~Lifton, Robert J. , and Er
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~ 8. 56 ~Thompson, John L. P. "Geno
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CountryDatesPer petratorsVictimsEst
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Dwork, DeborahDyer, Gwynne. . . . .
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Morgenthau, Henry . . . . . '. . .
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TITLE INDEXThe Abandonment of the J
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"Epilogue: The Nuclear Arms Raceand
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The Industrialization of Soviet Rus
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Psychiatric Aspects of the Preventi
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When Memory ComesWhile Six Million