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~ 6. 26 ~Heller, Mikhail, and Aleksander M. Nekrich. Utopiain Power; the History of the Soviet Union Pom 1917to the Present. New York: Summit Books, 1986. LC86-5792. ISBN 0-671-46242-3.In Chapter 5 of their history, two Soviet-trainedscholars deal extensively with collectivization and theensuing famine, including a summary of estimatedpopulation losses. They do not single out the Ukraineor address the question of genocide.~ 6. 27 ~Millar, James R. "Mass Collectivization and theContribution of Soviet Agriculture to the First FiveYear Plan. " Slavic Review 33 (1974): 750-766.Millar offers an economist's examination of theperformance of the agricultural sector during thecollectivization that was a salient part of the First FiveYear Plan.~ 6. 28 ~Solomon, Susan Gross. 1he Soviet Agrarian Debate;a Controversy in Social Science, 1923-1929. Boulder,CO: Westview Press, 1977. LC 77-21555. ISBN 0-89158-339-4.Soloman details the debate among Marxist andnon-Marxist economists concerning appropriate policiesto be pursued in the countryside to promote agriculturalproduction. The debate led up to, and was terminatedby, the decision to collectivize rapidly and, in theevent, brutally.+ 6. 29 ~Viola, Lynne. The Best Sons of the Fatherland;Workers in the Vanguard of Soviet Collectivization.New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.LC 86-17987. ISBN 0-19-504262-X.Viola examines the employment of workers asmilitant agents of collectivization in the period leadingup to the resulting famine in the Ukraine and elsewhere.116 GENOCIDE
CHAPTER 7GENOCIDE AND MODERN WARby Eric MarkusenINTRODUCTIONIt is the governments of the world that eithercarry out or condone genocide, modern war, andother forms of mass killing. Although genocideand warfare are often regarded as distinctlydifferent phenomena, there are in fact a numberof important connections and commonalitiesbetween them, among which are severalpsychosocial facilitating factors. Markusen givesspecial attention to three of these:dehumanization of the victims, the systematic useof euphemistic language in describing theviolence that is inflicted on victims, andbureaucratic organization of the overall effort.These three factors are of approximately equalimportance in the waging of both wars andgenocides. "The scale of man-made death is thecentral moral as well as material fact of ourtime. " In the light of this fact, it is particularlyunfortunate that the energy and resourcesdevoted to understanding and preventing masskilling have been negligible. .Four generalizations emerge from a review of thescholarly literature on genocide, warfare, and otherforms of mass killing that governments have conductedor condoned: 1) the twentieth century is the mostviolent and murderous in history; 2) genocide andwarfare are by no means the only significant forms ofgovernmental mass killing; 3) although genocide andwarfare are often regarded as distinctly differentphenomena, there are in fact a number of importantconnections and commonalities between them; 4) thescholarly attention devoted to these issues is negligiblerelative to their significance.TIIE VIOLENCE OF TIIE TWENTIETII CENTURYThe discussion of genocide and modern war must,at the outset, be placed in the overall context ofcollective violence and mass killing. As William Jamesobserved in his 1910 essay, "The Moral Equivalent ofWar, " "History is a bath of blood. "' Likewise, in hispioneering study, Taking Lives: Genocide and StatePower, sociologist Irving Louis Horowitz asserts:"Mass murder and warfare among peoples is anever-present truth of"'humankind. And in an articleon human cruelty throughout history, another sociologist,Randall Collins, concludes that "The prevailingreality of world history is violence. "'According to a number of scholars, the violenceof past centuries pales before the violence and murder-Genocide and Modern War 117
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GenocldeIn OurTlme- ,*"f* *An Annot
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DEDICATIONTo Raphael Lemkin(1901-19
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Chapter 5:The Armenian Genocide: Re
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Appendix 167Appendix: Chronology of
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ending sources of joy and hope. In
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Massive human suffering caused by p
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world without any reification and u
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CIIAPTER IETHNOCIDEby Alison Palmer
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als are tempted away by the promise
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Interactionsof Ethnocide and Genoci
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Chapter 1: AnnotatedBibliographyRea
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the inevitable extinction of tribal
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upon the purge of cultural and scie
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traditional ethnic and socio-cultur
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whites. Lizot proposes that integra
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¹ 1. 53 ¹Olson, James S. , and Ra
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tion of indigenes into state politi
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as a potential irredentist national
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serious questions about the notion
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ate and beleaguered institutions th
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In one of the most important works
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focusing on children, the most vuln
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~ 2. 35 ~Sereny, Gita. Into That Da
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were less than 200 Jewish survivors
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~ 2. 68 ~Nomberg-Przytyk, Sara. Aus
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of the war. The movement was known
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~ 2. 103 ~Wyman, David S. The Aband
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* 2. 122 ~Wiesenthal, Simon. The Su
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and Christianity. He argues that it
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Chapter 3THE ISSUE OF THE HOLOCAUST
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if we are to escape the mystificati
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outside the normal dimensions of ou
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historical event. All transformatio
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32. For an excellent understanding
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3 7Berenbaum, Michael. "The Uniquen
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Holocaust, a meaning with which we
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the Nazi exterminating drive, a pos
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Page 88 and 89: Appendix: The Diaryby Agi Rubinwith
Page 90 and 91: ella story. We could have eaten all
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Page 96 and 97: Chapter 5THE ARMENIANGENOCIDE:REVIS
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Page 100 and 101: Abdications and Retributions Turkey
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Page 108 and 109: supporters of Armenian independence
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Page 144 and 145: ¹ 7. 16 ¹Dadrian, Vahakn N. "A Th
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Page 148 and 149: * 7. 47 +Nolan, Janne E. , and Albe
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Page 152 and 153: able to evaluate various nuclear we
Page 154 and 155: In an angry, stimulating book, Aske
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Page 158 and 159: This is a pioneering collection of
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Page 164 and 165: sadisChart: Taking a Stand Against
Page 166 and 167: This indicator refers to an advance
Page 168 and 169: 14. Louis Rene Beres, "Genocide, St
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~ 8. 56 ~Thompson, John L. P. "Geno
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CountryDatesPer petratorsVictimsEst
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Dwork, DeborahDyer, Gwynne. . . . .
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Morgenthau, Henry . . . . . '. . .
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TITLE INDEXThe Abandonment of the J
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"Epilogue: The Nuclear Arms Raceand
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The Industrialization of Soviet Rus
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Psychiatric Aspects of the Preventi
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When Memory ComesWhile Six Million
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