DOWNLOAD Genocide in Our Time - NewFoundations

11. Conquest, 322-330.12. Conquest, 272.13. An argument made in Lyman H. Legters, "TheSoviet Gulag: Is It Genocidal?" in Toward the Under-standing and Prevention of Genocide, ed. by Israel W.Charny (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984). Thediscussion is pursued further in Frank Chalk and KurtJonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), 12-23.Chapter 6: AnnotatedBibliography~ 6. 1 ~Allworth, Edward, ed. Soviet Nationality Problems.New York and London: Columbia University Press,1971. LC 77-166211. ISBN 0-231-03493-8.The nine papers that make up this volume wereoriginally presented to the Seminar on SovietNationality Problems, which was held at ColumbiaUniversity during the academic year of 1968-1969. Inthe context of understanding Ukrainian nationalism,Mare Raeff's paper, "Patterns of Russian Imperial"Policy Toward the Nationalities, is both the mostilluminating and the least dated by recent events in theSoviet Union.The traditional methods of Imperial territorialexpansion were 1) conquest or acquisition of non-Russian territories; 2) incorporation; and 3) assimilation.This three-fold process is unexceptionably applicableto the Ukraine. In 1654 Ukrainian leaders turnedto Petersburg in an appeal for protection against theaggressive designs of Poland. Thus at first the Ukrainewas a protectorate of Imperial Russia. In one hundredtwenty-oneyears, Russia was able to consummate theUkraine's incorporation into the Czardom of Muscovy.Raeff sets forth the steps which led to eventual incorporation:...[I]n the Ukraine the Cossack Host managedto preserve its autonomy and organizationat least until 1709, and it even lingeredon in a limited way until 1775. In 1709, asa consequence of Hetman's Mazepa's sidingwith Charles XII [of Sweden] at Poltava, theautonomy of the Dnieper Cossack Host wasdrastically curtailed. In 1775 — following thePugachev rebellion — Catherine II abolishedthe Zaporozhian Sich altogether.The Czars sought to assimilate the Ukrainethrough policies of Russification. Of primary importancefor Russification was the imposition of theRussian language on the Ukrainians, along with theprohibition of the Ukrainian language as a publishingvehicle. Russians have persisted in what is a delusion,namely, that the Ukrainian language is only a peasantdialect. In the 1820s, folklorists and poets, amongothers, mounted a successful effort to transform the"peasant dialect" into a fully developed literary language,a language that could claim equality withRussian in all respects. It will be recalled that in thelate 1920s, Strypnyk, the Ukrainian commissar ofeducation, called a conference to rid the Ukrainianlanguage of Russianisms. This is a measure of theextent to which Ukrainian was not a mere peasantdialect.Conquest, Robert. 7he Great Terror, a Reassessment.London, Sydney, Auckland, and Johannesburg:Hutchinson, 1990. ISBN 0-09-174293-5.In Chapter 10 of this revised edition of his 1968publication, Conquest designates the era of the GreatTerror as "a holocaust of the things of the" spirit. By"things of the spirit, " he refers to the cultural andscientific institutions, and their representatives, thatflourished in pre-1917 Ukraine. The Stalinist purposewas to purge and then to destroy the Ukrainian intelligentsia,universities, and publishers. The Stalinistmethod consisted of widespread arrests, interrogations,and torture. Conquest also examines the horror of laborcamps as ideological re-education centers for ideologicallyunsound peasants and intellectuals.+ 6. 3 +Conquest, Robert. 7he Harvest of Sorrow; SovietCollectivization and the Terror-Famine. New York:Oxford University Press, 1986. LC 86-2437. ISBN 0-19-504054-6.Conquest makes use of a wide range of evidenceto substantiate claims, including testimonies fromsurvivors and primary demographic data. He identifiestwo distinct Stalinist policies that, being merged,resulted in the decision to impose famine and ethnocideon the Ukraine in 1932-33. Dekulakization and collectivizationfrom 1929-1932 was a policy in agriculturalproduction designed to achieve socialism in the countrysidein accordance with Marxist-Leninist doctrine; thesecond policy was put in place to reverse Stalin'sprevious leniency toward the renewal and revitalizationof Ukrainian nationalism. The famine, preceded by theconspiracy trial in 1931, was imposed to destroy theThe Ukrainian Famine 111