26. William Safire, "Object: Survival, " 7he New York<strong>Time</strong>s (11 November 1990): Op-Ed page.27. Tom Hark<strong>in</strong>, with C. E. Thomas, Five M<strong>in</strong>utesto Midnight: Why the Nuclear Threatls Grow<strong>in</strong>g Faster7han Ever (New York: Carol Publish<strong>in</strong>g Group, 1990);see also Spector.28. Robert Aldridge, First Strike. The Pentagon'sStrategy for Nuclear War (Boston: South End Press,1983); see also Michio Kaku and Daniel Axelrod, ToW<strong>in</strong> a Nuclear War: 7he Pentagon 's Secret War Plans(Boston: South End Press, 1987).29. See, as examples: Col<strong>in</strong> Gray and Keith Payne,"Victory Is Possible, " Foreign Policy 39 (1980): 14-27;Morton Halper<strong>in</strong>, 7he Nuclear Fallacy: Dispell<strong>in</strong>g theMyth of Nuclear Strategy (Cambridge, MA: Ball<strong>in</strong>gerPublish<strong>in</strong>g Co. , 1987); Desmond Balland Robert Toth,"Revis<strong>in</strong>g the SIOP: Tak<strong>in</strong>g War-Fight<strong>in</strong>g to DangerousExtremes, " International Security 14, no. 4. (1990):65-92.30. Daniel Ford, 7he Button: 7he Pentagon's Commandand Control System (New York: Simon &Schuster, 1985); Ashton Carter, John D. Ste<strong>in</strong>brunner,and Charles Zraket, eds. , Manag<strong>in</strong>g Nuclear Operations(Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, DC: Brook<strong>in</strong>gs, 1986).31. U. S. Office of Technology Assessment, 7hesects of Nuclear War (Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, DC: U. S. Govern-ment Pr<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g Office, 1979).32. World Health Organization, Effects of Nuclear Waron Health and Health Services (Geneva: World HealthOrganization, 1984).33. Carl Sagan and Richard Turco, A Path Where NoMan 7hought: Nuclear W<strong>in</strong>ter and the End ofthe ArmsRace (New York: Random House, 1990).34. Paul Ehrlich, et al. , "Long-Term BiologicalConsequences of Nuclear War, " Science 222 (1983):1, 293-1, 330.35. John Somerville, "Nuclear 'War' Is Omnicide,"<strong>in</strong> Nuclear War: Philosophical Perspectives, ed. byMichael Allen Fox and Leo Groarke (New York: PeterLang Publish<strong>in</strong>g Company, 1985), 4.36. Robert Jay Lifton and Eric Markusen, 7heGenocidal Mentality: Nazi Holocaust and Nuclear7hreat (New York: Basic Books, 1990), 3.37. Horowitz, 32; Rummel quoted <strong>in</strong> Horowitz, 32.38. Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, 7he History andSociology of <strong>Genocide</strong>: Analyses and Case Studies(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), 23.39. Fe<strong>in</strong>, 22.40. See, for example, Vahakan N. Dadrian, "ATypology of <strong>Genocide</strong>, " International Review ofModern Sociology 5, no. 2 (1975): 201-212; LeoKuper, <strong>Genocide</strong>: Its Political Use <strong>in</strong> the TwentiethCentury (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981),46; Leo Kuper, "Other Selected Cases of <strong>Genocide</strong> andGenocidal Massacres: Types of <strong>Genocide</strong>, " <strong>in</strong> <strong>Genocide</strong>:A Critical Bibliographic Review, V. I. , ed. byIsrael W. Charny (London: Mansell and New York:Facts on File, 1980), 158; Eric Markusen, "<strong>Genocide</strong>"and Total War: A Prelim<strong>in</strong>ary Comparison, <strong>in</strong><strong>Genocide</strong> and the Modern Age: Etiology and CaseStudies of Mass Death, ed. by Isidor Wallimann andMichael Dobkowski (New York: Greenwood Press,1987), 106-117; Eric Markusen, "<strong>Genocide</strong>, Total War,and Nuclear Omnicide, " <strong>in</strong> <strong>Genocide</strong>: A CriticalBibliographic Review, V. II. , ed. by Israel W. Charny(London: Mansell and New York: Facts on File, 1991),236-243; Eric Markusen and David Kopf, 7he Holocaustand Strategic Bomb<strong>in</strong>g: <strong>Genocide</strong> and Total War<strong>in</strong> the Twentieth Century (Boulder, CO: WestviewPress, forthcom<strong>in</strong>g).41. Roger Smith, "Human Destructiveness andPolitics: The Twentieth Century as an Age of Geno-cide, " <strong>in</strong> <strong>Genocide</strong> and the Modern Age: Etiology andCase Studies of Mass Death, ed. by Isidor Wallimannand Michael Dobkowski (New York: Greenwood,1987), 21.42. Barbara Harff, "The Etiology of <strong>Genocide</strong>s, " <strong>in</strong><strong>Genocide</strong> and the Modern Age: Etiology and CaseStudies of Mass Death, ed. by Isidor Wallimann andMichael Dobkowski (New York: Greenwood, 1987),46.43. Barbara Harff and Ted Robert Gurr, "TowardEmpirical Theory of <strong>Genocide</strong>s and Politicides:Identification and Measurement of Cases s<strong>in</strong>ce 1945, "International Studies Quarterly 32 (1988): 359.44. R. J. Rummel, Lethal Politics: Soviet <strong>Genocide</strong>and Mass Murder s<strong>in</strong>ce 1917 (New Brunswick, NJ,and London: Transaction Books Publishers, 1990), 1.45. See, for example, Ward Churchill, "<strong>Genocide</strong>:Toward a Functional Def<strong>in</strong>ition, " Alternatives 11(1986): 403-430; Henry R. Huttenbach, "Locat<strong>in</strong>g theHolocaust on the <strong>Genocide</strong> Spectrum: Towards a128 GENOCIDE
"Methodology of Def<strong>in</strong>ition and Categorization,Holocaust and <strong>Genocide</strong> Studies 3, no. 3 (1988):289-303; Chalk and Jonassohn, 12-27.46. Jack N. Porter, ed. , <strong>Genocide</strong> and Human Rights:A Global Anthology (Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, DC: University Pressof America, 1982), 9-12.47. Raphael Lemk<strong>in</strong>, Axis Rule <strong>in</strong> Occupied Europe(New York: Columbia University Press, 1944), 79.48. Cited <strong>in</strong> Kuper, <strong>Genocide</strong>: Its, 210.49. Kuper, <strong>Genocide</strong>: Its, 93-94 and Chalk andJonassohn, 10-12.50. Horowitz, 1-2.51. Chalk and Jonassohn, 23.52. Israel W. Charny, "The Study of <strong>Genocide</strong>," <strong>in</strong><strong>Genocide</strong>: A Critical Bibliographic Review, vol. 1, ed.by Israel W. Charny (London: Mansell and New York:Facts on File, 1980), 4.53. Israel W. Charny, "A Proposal for a New Encompass<strong>in</strong>gDef<strong>in</strong>ition of <strong>Genocide</strong>: Includ<strong>in</strong>g New LegalCategories of Accomplices to <strong>Genocide</strong>, and <strong>Genocide</strong>as a Result of Ecological Destruction and Abuse. " Apaper prepared for the First Raphael Lemk<strong>in</strong> Symposiumon <strong>Genocide</strong>, Yale University Law School,February 1991.54. Markusen, "<strong>Genocide</strong> and Total War, " 237-238.55. Raymond Aron, The Century of Total War(Boston: Beacon Press, 1954).56. World Military and Social Expenditures, 1987-88,ed. by Ruth Leger Sivard (Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, DC: WorldPriorities, 1987), 28.57. World Military, 28.58. World Military, 28.59. Karl von Clausewitz, Vom Krieg. (Bonn, Germany:Ferd. Diimmlers Verlag, 1966), Section no. 24.First published <strong>in</strong> 1832. The pert<strong>in</strong>ent sentence <strong>in</strong> theGerman orig<strong>in</strong>al reads: "Der Krieg ist c<strong>in</strong>e blosseFortsetzung der Politik mit anderen Mitteln. " Thesentence is to be literally translated as: War is a merecont<strong>in</strong>uation of politics (or policy) by other means.Politics seems to us to be a better translation of Politikthan policy. More idiomatic, perhaps, would be thephrase foreign policy. Hence the sentence <strong>in</strong> Englishprobably should read: War is a mere cont<strong>in</strong>uation offoreign policy by other means.60. Eckhardt, "War-Related Deaths, " 1.61. Ronald Glossop, ConPont<strong>in</strong>g War: An Exam<strong>in</strong>ationof Humanity's Most Press<strong>in</strong>g Problem, 2d. ed.(Jefferson, NC: MacFarland, 1987), 7.62. Arthur West<strong>in</strong>g, "War as Human Endeavor: TheH igh-Fatal ity Wars of the Twentieth Century, " Journalof Peace Research 3 (1982): 261.63. Thomas M. Franck, "Who Killed Article 2(4)?Or: Chang<strong>in</strong>g Norms Govern<strong>in</strong>g the Use of Force byStates, " American Journal of International Law 64(1970): 812.64. Markusen, "<strong>Genocide</strong> and Total War, " 103-105and Markusen and Kopf.65. Berenice A. Carroll, "'Total War, ' the Self-Fulfill<strong>in</strong>gProphecy?" <strong>in</strong> Design for Total War: Arms andEconomics <strong>in</strong> the Third Reich, ed. by Berenice A.Carroll (The Hague: Mouton, 1968), 17-36.66. Marjorie Farrar, "World War II as Total War, "<strong>in</strong> War: A Historical, Political, and Social Study, ed.by L. L. Farrar, Jr. (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio,1978), 171.67. Qu<strong>in</strong>cy Wright, A Study of War, with a Commentaryon War s<strong>in</strong>ce 1941. 2d ed. (Chicago: Universityof Chicago Press, 1942, 1965), 75.68. Hornell Hart, "Acceleration <strong>in</strong> Social Change, "<strong>in</strong> Technology and Social Change, ed. by Francis R.Allen, et al. (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts,1957), 42-43.69. Hart, 42-43.70. Gordon Wright, "The Impact of Total War, " <strong>in</strong>The Ordeal of Total War, 1939-1945 (New York:Harper and Row, 1968), 236 and Elliot, 88.71. World Military, 28.72. "The Damage Was Not Collateral," New York<strong>Time</strong>s (24 March 1991): Op-Ed page.73. George Lopez, "The Gulf War: Not So Clean, "Bulleti n of the Atomic Scientists 47, no. 7 (1991): 32.<strong>Genocide</strong> and Modern War 129
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GenocldeIn OurTlme- ,*"f* *An Annot
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DEDICATIONTo Raphael Lemkin(1901-19
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Chapter 5:The Armenian Genocide: Re
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Appendix 167Appendix: Chronology of
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ending sources of joy and hope. In
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Massive human suffering caused by p
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world without any reification and u
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CIIAPTER IETHNOCIDEby Alison Palmer
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als are tempted away by the promise
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Interactionsof Ethnocide and Genoci
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Chapter 1: AnnotatedBibliographyRea
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the inevitable extinction of tribal
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upon the purge of cultural and scie
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traditional ethnic and socio-cultur
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whites. Lizot proposes that integra
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¹ 1. 53 ¹Olson, James S. , and Ra
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tion of indigenes into state politi
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as a potential irredentist national
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serious questions about the notion
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ate and beleaguered institutions th
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In one of the most important works
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focusing on children, the most vuln
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were less than 200 Jewish survivors
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of the war. The movement was known
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and Christianity. He argues that it
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Chapter 3THE ISSUE OF THE HOLOCAUST
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if we are to escape the mystificati
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outside the normal dimensions of ou
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historical event. All transformatio
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32. For an excellent understanding
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3 7Berenbaum, Michael. "The Uniquen
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Holocaust, a meaning with which we
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the Nazi exterminating drive, a pos
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framework, Marrus accepts the Holoc
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as "the cement of Jewish identity,
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'cry and you cry alone. ' So we kep
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of the body, combined with so many
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10. Lawrence Langer, Versions of Su
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~ 4. 10 ~Sichrovsky, Peter. Born Gu
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The Industrialization of Soviet Rus
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Psychiatric Aspects of the Preventi
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When Memory ComesWhile Six Million