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out-of-school civic activities 26 parent governors 294 primary education 186, 195, 329 private education 233 psychological bullying in schools 315 pupil/teacher ratio and class size 329 reading proficiency 195, 245 school completion 186 secondary education 186 socio-economic background 60, 249 sustainable living 27, 28 tertiary education 59, 229, 229, 230, 231, 232, 232, 233 TVET participation 224, 226 under-5 mortality rate 371 violence in schools 315 within country disparity 186, 231 working poverty 57, 60 years of education 186 Commission on the Status of Women 265 Commonwealth, qualification frameworks 227 Commonwealth Scholarship 321 community cohesion see desegregation; integrated approaches community education on environment and climate change 27–29, 34, 35 legal rights programmes 110 community health workers 85, 372 community knowledge 27–29, 30 community ownership projects 93 community-led total sanitation (CLTS) programme 93 Comoros educational attainment 74, 81, 186 electricity provision 312 gender disparity 74, 75 gender-based violence 109 HIV education 292 intimate partner violence 81 literacy 75, 281 primary education 186, 312 rural areas 75 school completion 186 secondary education 186, 312 students abroad 322 tertiary education 228, 229, 231 within country disparity 186, 231 years of education 186 comparative education monitoring 184–185 completion rates see school completion composition effect (education expansion) 54 Comprehensive Safe Schools Self-Assessment Suite 310 comprehensive sexuality education 291–292, 292 training for teachers 297 see also family planning advice; sexual and reproductive health education compression effect (education expansion) 54 compulsory education and conflict 104 effect on crime 120 years of education 185, 187 see also free and/or compulsory education; universal primary education; universal secondary education computer literacy 92 computer programming skills 246 computer to pupil ratios 312–313, 314 concentration index, in inequality measurement 258, 258 Concepción metropolitan area (Chile), education inequality 122 Conditional Grant Scheme to Local Government Areas (Nigeria) 141 conflict destruction of education facilities 105 over language of instruction 104 and poverty 103 relationship with education 103–109, 166 see also peacebuilding conflict-affected areas countries listed 399 Education Cannot Wait fund 147 out-of-school children 104–105, 105, 182–183 refugees 117 schools 105, 106–107 see also internally displaced persons; refugees Congo child development 219 educational attainment 74, 186 gender disparity 74, 74, 75 home learning environment 215 literacy 74, 75, 202, 219, 281 literacy programme participation 278 mathematics achievement 202 national assessments 202 numeracy 202, 219 pre-primary education 209 primary education completion 186 reading proficiency 202 rural areas 74, 75 secondary education completion 186 students abroad 323 tertiary education 231 textbooks 190 within country disparity 186, 231 years of education 186 Congo, Democratic Republic see Democratic Republic of the Congo construction industry, green development 41, 42 construction of schools see school buildings; school construction consumer goods, change for sustainability 31 consumption of world resources, inequality 3, 21, 22–23, 22, 23, 24, 120, 157, 162 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) 265 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2006 265 Cook Islands students abroad 322 violence in schools 316 coordinating mechanisms for education system data 365 corporal punishment 108, 316 corporate initiatives for environmental education 30 sustainable finance 43 see also large businesses Costa Rica child development 217, 219 early childhood care and education 210 education expenditure 347 educational attainment 74, 186 electricity provision 312 gender disparity 74 home learning environment 215 ICT facilities 314 literacy 195, 219, 281 numeracy 195, 219 pre-primary education 208, 209, 338 pre-primary enrolment 208 primary education 186, 195, 312, 314, 338 psychological bullying in schools 315 reading proficiency 195 school completion 186 secondary education 186, 312, 314, 338 socio-economic background and perseverance 249 teacher salaries 338 tertiary education 229, 231 violence in schools 315, 316 within country disparity 186, 210 years of education 186 costs of education see education expenditure; household expenditure on education Côte d’Ivoire attacks on schools 317 educational attainment 74, 81, 82, 186, 371 electricity provision 312 female genital mutilation 82 female literacy 83 gender disparity 74 global citizenship education 294 HIV education 292, 292 human rights education 290 intimate partner violence 81 literacy 83, 202, 281 malaria prevalence 371 mathematics achievement 202 national assessments 202 national education accounts 343, 344, 344, 345 political participation 100 primary education 186, 312, 330, 335 reading proficiency 202 school completion 186 secondary education 186, 312 students abroad 323 teacher education 330, 335 tertiary education 231 textbooks 190 under-5 mortality rate 83 within country disparity 186, 231 years of education 186 Council of Europe Charter on Education for Democratic Citizenship and Human Rights Education 294 creativity 248 crime and divided cities 122 and educational attainment 108, 120 effect on school participation 123 integrated city initiatives 127–128, 128 role of education in reduction 120 crisis areas Education Cannot Wait fund 147 see also conflict-affected areas; disasters critical thinking 248, 303, 303 Croatia digital literacy skills 247 education expenditure 233 environmental education 301 financial literacy 251 gender disparity 230 gendered attitudes 264 global citizenship education 294 HIV education 292 household expenditure 233 ICT facilities 314 primary education 187, 314 professional development of teachers 336 school completion 187 secondary education 187, 314 socio-economic background and perseverance 249 student support 233 tertiary education 229, 230, 233 cross-country opinion surveys 304 CSOs see civil society organizations (CSOs) Cuba child development 219 disaster preparedness 34 ecological footprint 23 green technology 272 home learning environment 215 ICT facilities 313, 314 literacy and numeracy 219 primary education 313, 314 secondary education 313, 314 students abroad 322 sustainability 22 tertiary education 228, 231 cultural contexts in child development measurement 216 and non-cognitive skills needed 248 social skills 250 cultural heritage loss through education bias 77 506 ANNEX | INDEX
see also traditional knowledge Curaçao, ICT facilities in schools 313 Curitiba (Brazil), green city initiative 126–127, 127 curricula see school curricula Cyberabad Development Authority (India) 119 cyberbullying 315 cycling, for urban sustainability 121 cyclones 33, 310 Cyprus adult education 238 civic education 100 education expenditure 233, 234 household expenditure 233 human rights education 300 ICT facilities 314 political participation 100 primary education 187, 314 school completion 187 secondary education 187, 238, 314 socio-economic background and perseverance 249 special educational needs 266 student support 233, 234 tertiary education 229, 231, 233, 234, 238 Czech Republic adult education 238 civic education 100 digital literacy skills 247, 247 early childhood care and education 331 education expenditure 233 environmental education 301 financial literacy 251 gender disparity 230 HIV education 292 household expenditure 233 human rights education 300 language of instruction 269 literacy 282 political participation 100 primary education completion 187 secondary education completion 187, 238 socio-economic background and perseverance 249 special educational needs 266 student support 233 teacher contracts 336 teacher education 331, 336 tertiary education 228, 229, 230, 233, 238 D Dalit children 108 Dalit populations 68, 73 data needs for education monitoring 383 debt relief, application of aid to achieve MDGs 141 decent work defined 55–56, 55, 244, 245 and educational attainment 58, 58, 88 see also employment; employment skills Deer Leap programme (Georgia) 313 deforestation 45 management by traditional communities 28 democracies, regime change 101 democracy, importance of education 101 Democracy for All programme (South Africa) 102 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea home learning environment 215 literacy, numeracy and child development 219 Democratic Republic of the Congo agriculture 47 attacks on schools 317 child development 219 civic education 98 early childhood care and education 213, 213 education expenditure 347 educational attainment 74, 186, 371 electricity provision 29–30, 86, 312 equity improvement 352 gender disparity 74, 74, 75 gendered attitudes 264 global citizenship education 290, 294 HIV education 292 home learning environment 215 internally displaced persons 272 literacy 74, 75, 219, 281 literacy programme participation 278 malaria prevalence 371 numeracy 219 out-of-school children 182 political participation 98 pre-primary education 209 primary education 182, 186, 312 rural areas 74, 75 school completion 186 school curriculum 290 secondary education 186, 312 solar lighting project 29–30 students abroad 323 teaching methods 191 tertiary education 231 underweight children 80 within country disparity 186, 231 years of education 186 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) 263, 277 Denmark adult education 238 aid donor 137 civic education 100 education expenditure 233 environmental concern 304 environmental education 301 gender disparity 230 household expenditure 233 human rights education 297, 300 ICT facilities 314 language of instruction 269 literacy 282 political participation 71, 100 primary education 186, 314 school completion 186 scientific researchers 372 secondary education 186, 238, 314, 338 socio-economic background and perseverance 249 special educational needs 266 student support 233 sustainable transport 121 teacher education 297 teacher salaries 337, 338 teacher skills 333 teaching methods 298 tertiary education 228, 229, 230, 232, 233, 238 women in politics 71 deprivation see extreme poverty; inequality; marginalization; poverty; wealth disparities desegregation of schools 123–124 see also integrated schools deskilling of migrants 117–118 developed countries employment and education 57 ethnic immigrant enclaves 124 food waste 45 gender disparity 60 listed 398 scholarship funding beneficiaries 320 water and sanitation provision 309 see also advanced economies; high income countries; OECD countries developing countries economic growth 40 effect of educational attainment 55–56 employment 51, 56, 119–120 food waste 45 gender disparity 60 green industry development 41 ICT facilities 313 informal employment 119–120 listed 398 manufacturing 51 scholarships 323 ‘split site’ university education 321 students abroad 322, 322 tax revenue 135 teacher training requirements 333 technological transfer 42–43 tertiary education and political activism 100 urban planning 125 voter education campaigns 98, 99 water and sanitation provision 309, 372 working poverty 52 see also emerging economies; least developed countries; low income countries; middle income countries; poorer countries; small island developing States deworming campaigns 79, 85, 140, 140 DHS (Demographic and Health Survey) 263, 277 difficulties category, OECD special needs monitoring 266 digital literacy skills 246–247, 247 adaptation of monitoring to digital development 247 see also ICT skills disabilities category, OECD special needs monitoring 266 disability see people with disabilities disadvantages category, OECD special needs monitoring 266 disasters disaster preparedness 34, 157 GEM policy recommendations 164 risk reduction through education 157 see also conflict; conflict-affected areas; natural disasters discrimination against girls in education 87, 87 against marginalized groups 72–73, 123 by teachers 123 elimination for social development 68 gender-biases legislation 87, 89 see also gender disparity; prejudice; stereotyping disease from poor sanitation and hygiene 68 malaria reduction 371 disparity see gender disparity; inequality; parity index displaced persons due to conflict 106 urban populations 117 see also internally displaced persons; refugees Displacement Tracking Matrix of the International Organization for Migration 272 distance learning 232–233, 321, 322 Djibouti educational attainment 74 gender disparity 74 global citizenship education 294 HIV education 292 out-of-school children 183 primary education 183, 335 secondary education 183 students abroad 323 teacher education 335, 336 doctor/patient relationships, effect of education 78 domestic abuse see intimate partner violence domestic expenditure on education see education expenditure; public education expenditure domestic resources for education 135–137 support from development aid 137–138 domestic violence see intimate partner violence domestic workers in economy 120 unpaid workers 89, 89 2016 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT 507
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GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT
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This Report is an independent publi
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Foreword The 2016 Global Education
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Acknowledgements This report would
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The Global Education Monitoring Rep
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CHAPTER 6 • Partnerships: enablin
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List of figures, tables, and text b
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Figure 17.2: Most primary schools d
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HIGHLIGHTS Education for people and
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PLACE Urbanization puts strain on e
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Monitoring SDG 4 TARGET 4.1: Primar
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A young boy takes part in a refores
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I INTRODUCTION HIGHLIGHTS Transform
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I of environmental degradation and
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I BOX 0.2 THE SDGS WERE CREATED THR
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I (Box 0.4). These principles state
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I TABLE 0.1: How education is typic
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I The Incheon Declaration affirmed
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I The chapter documents the links b
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Here students in Indonesia learn ab
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1 KEY MESSAGES Living sustainably r
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1 other heat-trapping gases into th
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1 so that even countries with natur
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1 in responding to environmental ch
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1 petition, given more money or tak
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1 to these values are notions such
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1 Ethiopia, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, N
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1 “ If education progress is stal
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1 FIGURE 1.3: Poor children in the
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A man stands in a crop of cassava t
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2 KEY MESSAGES Education has a key
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2 on human welfare. Education helps
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2 BOX 2.1 Green industries demand p
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2 considerations and risk managemen
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2 developing regions (de Janvry and
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2 and supporting good governance (A
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2 FIGURE 2.1: Employment is being p
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2 growth does not necessarily mean
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2 jobs and decent earnings, even in
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2 disproportionately affected, acco
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2 Globally, earnings increase by ap
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2 with tertiary education, while th
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2 In many countries, green growth m
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Selina Akter, second year midwifery
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3 KEY MESSAGES Progress in health,
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3 health, water, sanitation, energy
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3 FIGURE 3.2: Women do more unpaid
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3 called for. Women’s empowerment
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3 FIGURE 3.5: There are large dispa
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3 FIGURE 3.7: Education marginaliza
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3 Tanzania revealed that many docto
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3 FIGURE 3.8: While being underweig
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3 FIGURE 3.10: In most countries, w
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3 2007, to 44 months. By 2007, birt
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3 outcomes in many countries, inclu
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3 that most behaviour changes are n
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3 they were twice as likely to hold
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3 Brazil, Indonesia, Rwanda and Sou
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Children look through a destroyed c
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4 KEY MESSAGES Getting children int
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4 EDUCATION MATTERS IN INCREASING P
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4 One direct form of political part
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4 tertiary education formed the cor
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4 “ 35% of out-of-school children
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4 “ Refugee children and adolesce
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4 has expanded in recent years to b
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4 Lack of knowledge and education s
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Favelas in Rio de Janeiro, which fo
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5 KEY MESSAGES Education must be in
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5 FIGURE 5.1A: We live in an increa
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5 adequate knowledge of the local l
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5 it in urban economies is importan
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5 “ Education gaps are often wide
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5 In the United States, the 1954 Su
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5 BOX 5.5 Better urban planning can
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5 FIGURE 5.4A: In Medellín, Colomb
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5 130 CHAPTER 5 | PLACE: INCLUSIVE
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CHAPTER 6 Partnerships: enabling co
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6 Finance..........................
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6 strategic aid, non-traditional pa
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6 Even with substantial increases i
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6 FIGURE 6.4: Inequities in aid to
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6 instructive examples of national
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6 vertical integration is often con
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6 projects had satisfactory outcome
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6 funds; mobilized civil society an
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CHAPTER 7 Projections: forecasting
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7 Projecting global educational att
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7 TABLE 7.2: Projected attainment r
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7 TABLE 7.3: Percentage of countrie
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7 FIGURE 7.4: Universal upper secon
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CHAPTER 8 Education and sustainable
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8 Policy recommendations...........
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8 Evidence gathered for this report
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8 PROSPERITY In order to reduce pov
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8 PARTNERSHIPS In order to ensure a
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CHAPTER 9 The challenges of monitor
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9 Reaching consensus on the post-20
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9 skills in information and communi
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9 The Incheon Declaration requested
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9 offer policy-makers sufficient in
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10 CHAPTER 10 Sustainable Developme
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10 FIGURE 10.1: More than 4 in 10 c
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10 TABLE 10.2: Countries with the l
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10 TABLE 10.3: Completion rates by
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10 FIGURE 10.6: In almost one-quart
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10 SYSTEMS LEARNERS SCHOOL AND CLAS
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10 PROCESSES: CLASSROOM OBSERVATION
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10 and classroom climate to policy-
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10 FIGURE 10.9: In Latin America, a
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10 BOX 10.3 A new module on learnin
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10 assessment between 2007 and 2013
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10 The second issue is that resourc
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10 was administered For global moni
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11 “ In 2014, 44% of children wer
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11 ratio was 44%, while the percent
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11 Because of the range and diversi
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11 30 country reports in 3 areas, n
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11 BOX 11.1 Defining positive and s
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11 At the start of the process to d
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11 FIGURE 11.5: About three-quarter
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12 A typology of TVET recognizes th
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12 are operated by the General Depa
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12 Within its Systems Approach for
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12 Administrative sources provide e
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12 FIGURE 12.6: There are vast diff
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12 But data in this area are still
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12 University rankings Ever since f
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12 for participation is job related
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12 while in Latvia it declined unti
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12 Since the 1990s, Mozambique has
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13 in the social and political life
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13 by a large task. The four themes
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13 found that workers who scored be
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13 A Standard & Poor’s module wit
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13 CONCLUSION This chapter has revi
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14 INEQUALITY MEASURES Measuring in
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14 index equal to 0.86, and at the
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14 The parity index must be interpr
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14 BOX 14.2 The Inter-Agency Group
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14 for at least one of five reasons
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14 behaviour, play, development of
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14 trained in the bilingual curricu
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14 MIGRATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMEN
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14 There are important, sometimes i
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15 Literacy is a basic cognitive sk
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15 BOX 15.1 Measuring participation
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15 FIGURE 15.3: In many countries,
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15 The assessment would need to hav
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15 may reduce the assessment’s va
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16 examines several initiatives tha
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16 COMPREHENSIVE SEXUALITY EDUCATIO
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16 ‘global thinking’, and half
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16 “ Close to 50% of secondary sc
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16 rights training in pre-service t
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16 community, including activities
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16 PISA included questions designed
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16 global population issues, which
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16 ENDNOTES 1. The third phase, 201
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17 “ In the least developed count
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17 entering and moving through the
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17 FIGURE 17.3: Electricity access
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17 it is the more common and often
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17 Violence and attacks against civ
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18 funds a programme managed by the
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18 Around 22,500 scholarships were
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18 About 70% of aid to higher educa
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19 FIGURE 19.1: The pupil/teacher r
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19 The coverage of both indicators
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19 educators were rarely experts in
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19 The survey also asked lower seco
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19 BOX 19.3 Upgrading ‘parents’
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19 As information on occupations is
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20 CHAPTER 20 20 Finance (selected
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20 Faced with similar challenges, t
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20 TABLE 20.1: Selected education f
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20 suggests the lower limit of the
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20 FIGURE 20.5: Information on even
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20 new module on equity and inclusi
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20 “ There is a 42% financing gap
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20 countries is that estimates excl
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20 middle income countries suggests
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21 CHAPTER 21 Education systems (se
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21 DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS FOR MONITORING
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21 While SABER has extended the evi
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21 LOOKING AHEAD In essence, polici
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22 CHAPTER 22 Education in the othe
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22 governments. It measures the num
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22 b. Under-5 mortality rate (death
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22 LIFELONG LEARNING AS A FACTOR CO
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23 CHAPTER 23 Priorities for monito
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23 facilitate well-informed and mea
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23 government and non-government sc
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23 not the main concern. Countries
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23 In light of the expanded scope o
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CHAPTER 24 Epilogue 385
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24 “ When the High-Level Politica
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24 ‘robust, voluntary, effective,
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Annex Statistical Tables Introducti
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5 Statistical tables 1 INTRODUCTION
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5 UIS encourages countries to make
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5 SDG 4 targets and related indicat
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5 Switzerland, The former Yugoslav
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TABLE 1 Background demographic stat
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TABLE 1 Part 1 (Continued) DEMOGRAP
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 1 Backgr
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 1 Part 2
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 2 SDG 4,
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 4 (Conti
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 10 SDG 4
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Page 491 and 492: STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 13 Part
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Page 497 and 498: STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 14 Domes
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Page 503 and 504: 5 Aid tables INTRODUCTION 1 The dat
Page 505 and 506: TABLE 1 Bilateral and multilateral
Page 507 and 508: DIRECT AID TO POST-SECONDARY EDUCAT
Page 509 and 510: DIRECT AID TO SECONDARY EDUCATION D
Page 515 and 516: TABLE 4 ODA recipients (Continued)
Page 517 and 518: Glossary Adjusted net enrolment rat
Page 519 and 520: Net attendance rate (NAR). Number o
Page 521 and 522: Abbreviations AAPS AES AHELO AIDS A
Page 523 and 524: ILO IMF INES ISCED ISSA LAMP LEARNi
Page 525 and 526: Index This index covers the Introdu
Page 527 and 528: home learning environment 215 ICT f
Page 529: HIV education 292 NGOs 211 out-of-s
Page 533 and 534: education Education 2030 Framework
Page 535 and 536: Fiji TVET enrolment 223 violence in
Page 537 and 538: ole of education 61, 78, 88, 165 gr
Page 539 and 540: educational attainment 75, 76, 105
Page 541 and 542: working poverty 57, 61 years of edu
Page 543 and 544: M Macao, China environmental educat
Page 545 and 546: perseverance 249 tertiary education
Page 547 and 548: primary education 314 secondary edu
Page 549 and 550: tertiary education 228, 229, 230, 2
Page 551 and 552: women in politics 99 years of educa
Page 553 and 554: small island developing States stud
Page 555 and 556: perseverance 249 special educationa
Page 557 and 558: within country disparity 186, 231 w
Page 559 and 560: attitudes to business 253 benefits
Page 561 and 562: Introduction Carson, R. 1962. Silen
Page 563 and 564: Das, P. K. 2010. Climate Change and
Page 565 and 566: Reyhner, J. and Eder, J. 2015. Amer
Page 567 and 568: Aghion, P., Veugelers, R. and Serre
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Page 571 and 572: Pritchett, L. 2006. Does learning t
Page 573 and 574: Bhurosy, T. and Jeewon, R. 2014. Ov
Page 575 and 576: Gunewardena, D. 2015. Why aren’t
Page 577 and 578: McBride, D. E. and Parry, J. A. 201
Page 579 and 580: United Cities and Local Governments
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Campbell, D. E. 2008. Voice in the
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Mendenhall, M. and Chopra, N. 2016.
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Allen, H. 2013. Africa’s First Fu
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Hanson, D. 2013. Assessing the Harl
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Sirin, S. R. and Rogers-Sirin, L. 2
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Fehling, M., Nelson, B. D. and Venk
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Prichard, W. 2010. Taxation and Sta
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Lager, A. C. J. and Torssander, J.
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Bennell, P. and Akyeampong, K. 2007
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Crouch, L. 2015. Stumbling at the f
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Facione, P. A. 1990. Critical Think
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Hardin, B. J., Vardell, R. and de C
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Inter-Agency Working Group on TVET
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Marfo, K. 2011. Envisioning an Afri
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___. 2009b. INES Network for the Co
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Pew Research Center. 2015. Internet
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South Africa Government. 2013. Regu
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UNDP. 2004. Human Development Repor
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UNICEF and WHO. 2015. Progress on S
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Wortham, S. C. 2013. Common Charact
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