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teacher contracts 337 tertiary education 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 238 TVET 223, 224 urban planning 125 within country disparity 231 women in politics 71 see also Curaçao New Opportunities Initiative (Portugal) 238 New York, city leadership 129 New Zealand childhood obesity 79 discrimination and secondary completion 87 environmental education 301 financial literacy 251 gender disparity 87, 230 health and nutrition programmes 79 human rights education 300 literacy 282 parent governors 294 pre-primary enrolment 207 school completion 87 school-based interventions 79 secondary education 87 socio-economic background and perseverance 249 tertiary education 229, 230, 232, 233 women in politics 71 Ngobe community concept ti nûle kûin (Panama) 27 NGOs education financing 344, 345 entrepreneurship programmes 253 environmental education programme 31 justice programmes 110 peace education programmes 108 role in SDF agenda 145 Solar-Powered Floating Schools programme (Bangladesh) 33 teacher motivation diagnostic tool 334 Nicaragua early childhood development 217 educational attainment 74 electricity provision 312 gender disparity 74 global citizenship education 294 HIV education 292 mathematics achievement 195 natural disasters 33, 310 primary education 186, 195, 196, 312 psychological bullying in schools 315 reading proficiency 195, 196 school completion 186 secondary education 186, 312 tertiary education 231 violence in schools 315 within country disparity 231 Niger agriculture 46 basic education 138 climate change adaptation 10 education aid 138 education expenditure 347 educational attainment 10, 74, 82, 186 electricity provision 312 female genital mutilation 82 gender disparity 74, 74, 75 global citizenship education 294 health programmes 140 HIV education 292 integrated programmes 140 literacy 74, 75, 281 literacy programme participation 278, 278, 279, 279 mathematics achievement 202 national assessments 202 out-of-school children 183 primary education 183, 186, 312, 330 reading proficiency 202 rural areas 74, 75 school completion 186 secondary education 183, 186, 312 students abroad 323 teacher recruitment 330 teaching methods 191 tertiary education 231 textbooks 190 within country disparity 185, 186, 231 years of education 185, 186 Nigeria agriculture 47 aid 141 attacks on schools 317 child development 219 conflict 99, 105, 271 early childhood care and education 210, 213, 213 education aid 138 educational attainment 73, 74, 76, 81, 82, 83, 186 environmental education 30 ethnic minorities 76 female genital mutilation 82 fertility rate 83 gender disparity 74, 74, 75, 76 gender insensitive teaching 265 health interventions 88 HIV education 292 home learning environment 215 instructional teaching time 192, 192 integrated programmes 141 internally displaced persons 272 intimate partner violence 81 linguistic diversity 268 literacy 74, 75, 219, 281 loss of educational facilities 105 national assessments 198 nomad-specific education plans 9 numeracy 219 out-of-school children 182 population growth 21 pre-primary education 118 primary education 83, 118, 182, 186, 187, 263, 335 private education 187 private schools 118 pupil/teacher ratios 213 RCE Minna 30 rural areas 74, 75 school completion 186, 263 secondary education 186 sustainable initiatives 30, 121 teacher induction 335 teaching methods 191 tertiary education 231 textbooks 190–191 under-5 mortality rate 371 underweight children 80 urban planning 126 voter education campaigns 99 within country disparity 76, 185, 186, 210, 231 years of education 185, 186 Niue, violence in schools 316 nomadic communities 9, 72 non-cognitive skills 247–250, 248, 250–252 non-formal education 8, 9 adult education 45, 236–237, 238 for gender equality 163 and political engagement 100 for sexual health 84, 291 non-government organisations see NGOs non-OECD countries basic skills for economic growth 49 lost revenue due to tax treaties 135 Nordic Countries see Denmark; Finland; Iceland; Norway; Sweden Northern Africa adolescent birth rate 370 adult literacy 280 conflict 104, 183 countries listed 399 ecological footprint 21 education aid 354 education expenditure 346 educational attainment 55, 88, 370 employment 88 enrolment 182 environmental education 301 gender disparity 88, 260, 262, 280 HIV education 292 human rights education 295 out-of-school children 104, 182, 183 population growth 21 pre-primary education 207, 331, 331 primary education 153, 153, 182, 183, 260, 262 repetition rate 183 school completion 154, 156, 260 school textbooks 295 secondary education 153, 154, 155, 156, 182, 260, 262, 331 teacher education 331, 331 tertiary education 229 TVET enrolment 223 under-5 mortality rate 156, 371 unemployment 55 universal primary education 153, 153 universal secondary education 153, 154, 155, 156 wealth disparities 251, 260 youth literacy 280 see also individual countries Northern America adult literacy 280 agriculture 45 childhood obesity 79 ecological footprint 22 education aid 354 education expenditure 346, 346 electoral participation 98 employment 49 enrolment 182 environmental education 301 ethnic minority groups 124, 267 with Europe, countries listed 398 gender disparity 260, 262, 280 global citizenship education 294 health and nutrition programmes 79 HIV education 292 Holocaust in curriculum 290 human rights education 295 migration 271 out-of-school children 182 population growth 21 pre-primary enrolment 207 primary education 153, 182, 260, 262 school completion 154, 156, 260 school curriculum 290 school textbooks 295 secondary education 153, 153, 154, 155, 156, 182, 260, 262 tertiary education 101, 229 under-5 mortality rate 156 universal primary and secondary education 153, 153, 154, 155, 156 wealth disparities 260 youth literacy 280 Northern Ireland conflict and segregation in schools 107 Norway crime rate 120 digital literacy skills 247 education expenditure 233, 234 education funding 350 educational attainment 88, 120 employment and earnings 88, 89, 120 environmental education 301 equity improvement 350 financial literacy 251 gender disparity 70, 88, 230 gender equality 89 global citizenship education 294, 300 household expenditure 233 ICT facilities 314 intimate partner violence 82 language of instruction 269 literacy 282 mathematics achievement 109 522 ANNEX | INDEX
primary education 314 secondary education 314, 334 socio-economic background and perseverance 249 special educational needs 266, 266 student outcomes assessment 236 student support 233, 234 teacher induction 334 tertiary education 228, 229, 230, 233, 234 violence in schools 109 women in politics 70 Nourishing Bodies, Nourishing Minds initiative 140 Nueva Escuela Unitaria (Guatemala) 102 numeracy and economic growth 48 effect on earnings 49 effect of home environment 86 and ICT skills 246 learning outcomes 202, 283–284, 283 level of skill 283, 284 on-track development 216, 217, 219 see also functional literacy; mathematics; mathematics achievement nutrition school-based interventions 78–80 see also malnutrition; stunting; underweight children O occupational employment, and educational attainment 60 ODA see official development assistance (ODA) odds ratio, in inequality measurement 258, 258 OECD Assessment of Higher Education Learning Outcomes (AHELO) 236 Development Assistance Committee (DAC) aid for basic and secondary education 352–353 development aid 137 scholarship aid 324 disabilities classification for monitoring 266 INES Network for System-Level Indicators (NESLI), data tool 363–364, 364 International Network on Financial Education questionnaire 250 PIACC 60–61, 247, 280, 281, 282, 283, 283, 333 Teaching and Learning International Survey 379 OECD countries educational attainment 56, 59, 75, 75–76 employment 56, 58, 59, 60–61 gender disparity 60, 61, 70, 88, 88 immigrants 75–76 literacy 59, 74 poverty reduction through public services targeting 368 effect of socio-economic background 74 teacher attrition 339 teacher salaries 337 see also developed countries; high income countries OEI 364, 364 official development assistance (ODA) 143–145, 324, 355–356, 356, 404 see also aid; donors; education aid official language and political engagement 98 see also language of instruction Oman child development 219 early childhood care and education 210 electricity provision 313 HIV education 292 home learning environment 215 ICT facilities and internet access in schools 313, 314 internet access 313 literacy 219 numeracy 219 pre-primary education 209 teacher education 332 TVET enrolment 223 violence in schools 316 within country disparity 210 women in politics 71 One Laptop per Child project (Rwanda) 313 One Million Schoolbags initiative (Morocco) 352 one-to-one approaches, for environmental change 32 open defecation sanitation projects 93 Open Working Group for SDGs 180 opinion surveys, for data collection 303, 304 organic farming 46 Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI) 364, 364 originality, as employment skill 50 Oslo Summit on Education for Development 2015 134–135 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 291 Our Common Future (Brundtland Report) 3–4 out-of-school children categories 180 children with disabilities 76 conflict-affected areas 104–105, 105, 182–183 dropout 85, 90, 117, 181 effect of violence against schools 317 effect of violence in schools 123 flexible approaches for 9 gender disparity 180–181, 181, 182, 259, 260 global perspective 162, 182, 182 internally displaced children 272 marginalized populations 73 never enrolled 180–181, 181 reading proficiency 196 rural areas 196 skills monitoring 196, 377, 381 wealth disparities 259, 260 within country disparities 181, 181 see also school completion; school dropout; second chance programmes out-of-school civic activities environmental education 26 see also extracurricular activities over-age children, primary and secondary education 183, 184, 259 overweight children prevalence 80 see also childhood obesity own-account employment (self-employment) 58, 58, 89 improvement interventions 140 see also entrepreneurship skills; home-based workers ozone depletion 20 Pacific adult literacy 280 climate change education 35 countries listed 399 disabled access to schools 311 discrimination of marginalized groups 73 education aid 354 education expenditure 346 enrolment 182 environmental education 301 gender disparity 262, 280 global citizenship education 296 HIV education 292 linguistic diversity 267 migration 271 out-of-school children 182 population growth 21 pre-primary enrolment 207 primary education 153, 182, 262 P secondary education 153, 182, 262 sexuality education 291, 292 teacher education 296 tertiary education 229 TVET 223, 226 under-5 mortality rate 156 universal primary and secondary education 153 youth literacy 280 see also individual countries Pacific Community, qualification frameworks 227 Pacific Islands Climate Education Partnership (PCEP) 35 Pakistan adolescent birth rate 370 attacks on schools 317 climate change 34 computer access 245 conflict 104 curriculum 104 early childhood care programmes 85 education aid 200 education expenditure 136, 136, 347 educational attainment 73, 74, 186, 370 employment 70, 140 enrolment 106, 106 gender disparity 70, 74, 75 health programmes 140 integrated programmes 140, 140 linguistic diversity 268 literacy 74, 75, 281 national assessments 199 out-of-school children 183, 196, 272 population growth 21 pregnancy education 84 primary education 34, 106, 183, 186, 197, 261, 261 reading proficiency 196, 197 refugees 106, 106, 272 rural areas 74, 75, 122, 196 scholarships 321 school completion 34, 186, 261, 261 secondary education 34, 106, 183, 186, 197, 272 sexuality education 291 stunted children 85 sustainable development education 297 teacher attrition 339 teacher education 297 tertiary education 231 under-5 mortality rate 371 underweight children 80 urban areas 122 violence in schools 316 voter education 98 wealth disparities 122, 261, 261 within country disparity 186, 231 years of education 186 PAL Network 194–195 Palau gender disparity 230 tertiary education 229, 230 Palestine attacks on schools 317 child development 219 conflict and education 103 educational attainment 75, 103, 186 electricity provision 312, 313 entrepreneurship skills 253 gender disparity 75, 230 home learning environment 215 ICT facilities 314 internet access 312, 313 literacy 219, 281 numeracy 219, 283 pre-primary education 209 primary education 186, 312, 314, 330, 335 refugees from 272 rural areas 122 school completion 186 secondary education 186, 312, 314 2016 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT 523
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GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT
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This Report is an independent publi
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Foreword The 2016 Global Education
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Acknowledgements This report would
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The Global Education Monitoring Rep
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CHAPTER 6 • Partnerships: enablin
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List of figures, tables, and text b
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Figure 17.2: Most primary schools d
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HIGHLIGHTS Education for people and
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PLACE Urbanization puts strain on e
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Monitoring SDG 4 TARGET 4.1: Primar
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A young boy takes part in a refores
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I INTRODUCTION HIGHLIGHTS Transform
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I of environmental degradation and
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I BOX 0.2 THE SDGS WERE CREATED THR
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I (Box 0.4). These principles state
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I TABLE 0.1: How education is typic
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I The Incheon Declaration affirmed
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I The chapter documents the links b
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Here students in Indonesia learn ab
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1 KEY MESSAGES Living sustainably r
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1 other heat-trapping gases into th
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1 so that even countries with natur
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1 in responding to environmental ch
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1 petition, given more money or tak
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1 to these values are notions such
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1 Ethiopia, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, N
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1 “ If education progress is stal
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1 FIGURE 1.3: Poor children in the
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A man stands in a crop of cassava t
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2 KEY MESSAGES Education has a key
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2 on human welfare. Education helps
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2 BOX 2.1 Green industries demand p
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2 considerations and risk managemen
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2 developing regions (de Janvry and
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2 and supporting good governance (A
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2 FIGURE 2.1: Employment is being p
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2 growth does not necessarily mean
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2 jobs and decent earnings, even in
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2 disproportionately affected, acco
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2 Globally, earnings increase by ap
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2 with tertiary education, while th
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2 In many countries, green growth m
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Selina Akter, second year midwifery
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3 KEY MESSAGES Progress in health,
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3 health, water, sanitation, energy
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3 FIGURE 3.2: Women do more unpaid
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3 called for. Women’s empowerment
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3 FIGURE 3.5: There are large dispa
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3 FIGURE 3.7: Education marginaliza
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3 Tanzania revealed that many docto
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3 FIGURE 3.8: While being underweig
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3 FIGURE 3.10: In most countries, w
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3 2007, to 44 months. By 2007, birt
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3 outcomes in many countries, inclu
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3 that most behaviour changes are n
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3 they were twice as likely to hold
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3 Brazil, Indonesia, Rwanda and Sou
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Children look through a destroyed c
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4 KEY MESSAGES Getting children int
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4 EDUCATION MATTERS IN INCREASING P
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4 One direct form of political part
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4 tertiary education formed the cor
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4 “ 35% of out-of-school children
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4 “ Refugee children and adolesce
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4 has expanded in recent years to b
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4 Lack of knowledge and education s
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Favelas in Rio de Janeiro, which fo
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5 KEY MESSAGES Education must be in
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5 FIGURE 5.1A: We live in an increa
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5 adequate knowledge of the local l
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5 it in urban economies is importan
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5 “ Education gaps are often wide
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5 In the United States, the 1954 Su
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5 BOX 5.5 Better urban planning can
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5 FIGURE 5.4A: In Medellín, Colomb
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5 130 CHAPTER 5 | PLACE: INCLUSIVE
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CHAPTER 6 Partnerships: enabling co
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6 Finance..........................
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6 strategic aid, non-traditional pa
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6 Even with substantial increases i
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6 FIGURE 6.4: Inequities in aid to
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6 instructive examples of national
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6 vertical integration is often con
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6 projects had satisfactory outcome
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6 funds; mobilized civil society an
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CHAPTER 7 Projections: forecasting
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7 Projecting global educational att
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7 TABLE 7.2: Projected attainment r
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7 TABLE 7.3: Percentage of countrie
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7 FIGURE 7.4: Universal upper secon
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CHAPTER 8 Education and sustainable
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8 Policy recommendations...........
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8 Evidence gathered for this report
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8 PROSPERITY In order to reduce pov
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8 PARTNERSHIPS In order to ensure a
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CHAPTER 9 The challenges of monitor
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9 Reaching consensus on the post-20
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9 skills in information and communi
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9 The Incheon Declaration requested
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9 offer policy-makers sufficient in
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10 CHAPTER 10 Sustainable Developme
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10 FIGURE 10.1: More than 4 in 10 c
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10 TABLE 10.2: Countries with the l
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10 TABLE 10.3: Completion rates by
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10 FIGURE 10.6: In almost one-quart
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10 SYSTEMS LEARNERS SCHOOL AND CLAS
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10 PROCESSES: CLASSROOM OBSERVATION
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10 and classroom climate to policy-
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10 FIGURE 10.9: In Latin America, a
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10 BOX 10.3 A new module on learnin
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10 assessment between 2007 and 2013
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10 The second issue is that resourc
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10 was administered For global moni
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11 “ In 2014, 44% of children wer
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11 ratio was 44%, while the percent
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11 Because of the range and diversi
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11 30 country reports in 3 areas, n
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11 BOX 11.1 Defining positive and s
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11 At the start of the process to d
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11 FIGURE 11.5: About three-quarter
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12 A typology of TVET recognizes th
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12 are operated by the General Depa
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12 Within its Systems Approach for
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12 Administrative sources provide e
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12 FIGURE 12.6: There are vast diff
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12 But data in this area are still
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12 University rankings Ever since f
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12 for participation is job related
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12 while in Latvia it declined unti
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12 Since the 1990s, Mozambique has
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13 in the social and political life
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13 by a large task. The four themes
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13 found that workers who scored be
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13 A Standard & Poor’s module wit
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13 CONCLUSION This chapter has revi
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14 INEQUALITY MEASURES Measuring in
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14 index equal to 0.86, and at the
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14 The parity index must be interpr
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14 BOX 14.2 The Inter-Agency Group
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14 for at least one of five reasons
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14 behaviour, play, development of
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14 trained in the bilingual curricu
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14 MIGRATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMEN
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14 There are important, sometimes i
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15 Literacy is a basic cognitive sk
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15 BOX 15.1 Measuring participation
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15 FIGURE 15.3: In many countries,
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15 The assessment would need to hav
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15 may reduce the assessment’s va
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16 examines several initiatives tha
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16 COMPREHENSIVE SEXUALITY EDUCATIO
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16 ‘global thinking’, and half
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16 “ Close to 50% of secondary sc
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16 rights training in pre-service t
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16 community, including activities
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16 PISA included questions designed
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16 global population issues, which
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16 ENDNOTES 1. The third phase, 201
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17 “ In the least developed count
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17 entering and moving through the
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17 FIGURE 17.3: Electricity access
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17 it is the more common and often
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17 Violence and attacks against civ
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18 funds a programme managed by the
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18 Around 22,500 scholarships were
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18 About 70% of aid to higher educa
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19 FIGURE 19.1: The pupil/teacher r
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19 The coverage of both indicators
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19 educators were rarely experts in
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19 The survey also asked lower seco
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19 BOX 19.3 Upgrading ‘parents’
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19 As information on occupations is
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20 CHAPTER 20 20 Finance (selected
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20 Faced with similar challenges, t
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20 TABLE 20.1: Selected education f
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20 suggests the lower limit of the
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20 FIGURE 20.5: Information on even
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20 new module on equity and inclusi
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20 “ There is a 42% financing gap
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20 countries is that estimates excl
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20 middle income countries suggests
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21 CHAPTER 21 Education systems (se
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21 DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS FOR MONITORING
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21 While SABER has extended the evi
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21 LOOKING AHEAD In essence, polici
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22 CHAPTER 22 Education in the othe
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22 governments. It measures the num
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22 b. Under-5 mortality rate (death
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22 LIFELONG LEARNING AS A FACTOR CO
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23 CHAPTER 23 Priorities for monito
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23 facilitate well-informed and mea
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23 government and non-government sc
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23 not the main concern. Countries
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23 In light of the expanded scope o
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CHAPTER 24 Epilogue 385
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24 “ When the High-Level Politica
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24 ‘robust, voluntary, effective,
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Annex Statistical Tables Introducti
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5 Statistical tables 1 INTRODUCTION
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5 UIS encourages countries to make
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5 SDG 4 targets and related indicat
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5 Switzerland, The former Yugoslav
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TABLE 1 Background demographic stat
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TABLE 1 Part 1 (Continued) DEMOGRAP
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 1 Backgr
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 1 Part 2
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 2 SDG 4,
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 4 (Conti
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 10 SDG 4
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 10 (Cont
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 13 Part
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Page 495 and 496: STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 13 Part
Page 497 and 498: STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 14 Domes
Page 499 and 500: STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 14 (Cont
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Page 503 and 504: 5 Aid tables INTRODUCTION 1 The dat
Page 505 and 506: TABLE 1 Bilateral and multilateral
Page 507 and 508: DIRECT AID TO POST-SECONDARY EDUCAT
Page 509 and 510: DIRECT AID TO SECONDARY EDUCATION D
Page 515 and 516: TABLE 4 ODA recipients (Continued)
Page 517 and 518: Glossary Adjusted net enrolment rat
Page 519 and 520: Net attendance rate (NAR). Number o
Page 521 and 522: Abbreviations AAPS AES AHELO AIDS A
Page 523 and 524: ILO IMF INES ISCED ISSA LAMP LEARNi
Page 525 and 526: Index This index covers the Introdu
Page 527 and 528: home learning environment 215 ICT f
Page 529 and 530: HIV education 292 NGOs 211 out-of-s
Page 531 and 532: see also traditional knowledge Cura
Page 533 and 534: education Education 2030 Framework
Page 535 and 536: Fiji TVET enrolment 223 violence in
Page 537 and 538: ole of education 61, 78, 88, 165 gr
Page 539 and 540: educational attainment 75, 76, 105
Page 541 and 542: working poverty 57, 61 years of edu
Page 543 and 544: M Macao, China environmental educat
Page 545: perseverance 249 tertiary education
Page 549 and 550: tertiary education 228, 229, 230, 2
Page 551 and 552: women in politics 99 years of educa
Page 553 and 554: small island developing States stud
Page 555 and 556: perseverance 249 special educationa
Page 557 and 558: within country disparity 186, 231 w
Page 559 and 560: attitudes to business 253 benefits
Page 561 and 562: Introduction Carson, R. 1962. Silen
Page 563 and 564: Das, P. K. 2010. Climate Change and
Page 565 and 566: Reyhner, J. and Eder, J. 2015. Amer
Page 567 and 568: Aghion, P., Veugelers, R. and Serre
Page 569 and 570: Hanushek, E. A., Schwerdt, G., Wied
Page 571 and 572: Pritchett, L. 2006. Does learning t
Page 573 and 574: Bhurosy, T. and Jeewon, R. 2014. Ov
Page 575 and 576: Gunewardena, D. 2015. Why aren’t
Page 577 and 578: McBride, D. E. and Parry, J. A. 201
Page 579 and 580: United Cities and Local Governments
Page 581 and 582: Campbell, D. E. 2008. Voice in the
Page 583 and 584: Mendenhall, M. and Chopra, N. 2016.
Page 585 and 586: Allen, H. 2013. Africa’s First Fu
Page 587 and 588: Hanson, D. 2013. Assessing the Harl
Page 589 and 590: Sirin, S. R. and Rogers-Sirin, L. 2
Page 591 and 592: Fehling, M., Nelson, B. D. and Venk
Page 593 and 594: Prichard, W. 2010. Taxation and Sta
Page 595 and 596: Lager, A. C. J. and Torssander, J.
Page 597 and 598:
Bennell, P. and Akyeampong, K. 2007
Page 599 and 600:
Crouch, L. 2015. Stumbling at the f
Page 601 and 602:
Facione, P. A. 1990. Critical Think
Page 603 and 604:
Hardin, B. J., Vardell, R. and de C
Page 605 and 606:
Inter-Agency Working Group on TVET
Page 607 and 608:
Marfo, K. 2011. Envisioning an Afri
Page 609 and 610:
___. 2009b. INES Network for the Co
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Pew Research Center. 2015. Internet
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South Africa Government. 2013. Regu
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UNDP. 2004. Human Development Repor
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UNICEF and WHO. 2015. Progress on S
Page 619 and 620:
Wortham, S. C. 2013. Common Charact
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