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teacher education 332 urban areas 122 wealth disparities 122 within country disparity 210 women in politics 71 the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia see former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, The the Gambia see Gambia thematic indicators 379–380, 395–397 adoption of 181 care needed in data interpretation 184–185 early childhood care and education 205 education facilities and learning environments 307 education finance 341, 344, 345, 350 education systems 359 equity 255, 267 literacy and numeracy 275 primary and secondary education 179, 185, 198 scholarships 319 skills for work 243 sustainable development and global citizenship 287 teachers 327 technical, vocational and adult education 221, 222–223 tertiary education 227–229, 228, 229 thematic reviews, need for development 387 Third Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study (TERCE) 194 ti nûle kûin concept 27 Timap for Justice (Sierra Leone) 110 Timor-Leste basic education 138 conflict 105 early childhood development 217 ecological footprint 22, 22 education aid 138 educational attainment 74, 81, 186 gender disparity 74 HIV education 292 intimate partner violence 81 literacy 281 literacy programme participation 278 loss of educational facilities 105 primary education completion 186 secondary education completion 186 students abroad 322, 323 tertiary education 231 within country disparity 186, 231 years of education 186 TIMSS see Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) Tobago see Trinidad and Tobago Togo child development 219 educational attainment 74, 81, 82, 186, 371 electricity provision 312 female genital mutilation 82 female literacy 83 gender disparity 74, 74, 75 HIV education 292, 292 home learning environment 215 human rights education 297 intimate partner violence 81 language of instruction 270 literacy 74, 75, 83, 202, 219, 281 malaria prevalence 371 mathematics achievement 202 national assessments 202 numeracy 202, 219 primary education 186, 312 reading proficiency 202 rural areas 74, 75 school completion 186 secondary education 186, 312 students abroad 323 teacher attrition 339 teacher education 297 teaching methods 191 tertiary education 231 textbooks 190 under-5 mortality rate 83 within country disparity 186, 231 years of education 186 toilet facilities see sanitation Tokyo, competitive economy 119 Tonga childhood obesity 80 early childhood care and education 213, 213 violence in schools 316 tools for monitoring and assessment child development 217–219, 218, 219 education system data collections 350, 351 quality of education 211–212, 217 school infrastructure 310–311 UNICEF tools 196, 197, 310, 310–311 see also measurement tools; monitoring Tostan project (Senegal) 92 totalitarianism see authoritarian regimes trade union courses on sustainability 31 traditional knowledge 27, 28–29 see also cultural heritage transferable skills for green industry 42 importance 50 Transforming Our World 182 see also Sustainable Development Goals transport sustainability 120–121, 121 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) data on bullying 109, 315 language monitoring 269 Trinidad and Tobago educational attainment 75 electricity provision 313 gender disparity 75 ICT facilities and internet access in schools 312, 313, 314 violence in schools 316 Trinidad and Tobago Youth Survey 316 Triple Helix model of innovation 119 trust funds for development aid 137 Tsukuba Science City 119 Tullow Group Scholarship Scheme 320–321 Tunisia cash transfers 352 child development 219 early childhood care and education 210 educational attainment 74, 186 environmental education 301 gender disparity 74 home learning environment 215, 215 literacy 219, 281 numeracy 219 pre-primary education 209 primary education 186, 335 scholarship aid 324, 324 school completion 186 secondary education 186 socio-economic background and perseverance 249 teacher education 335 tertiary education 228, 229, 231 within country disparity 186, 210 years of education 186 Turkey basic education 83 child health 83 childhood obesity 80 children with disabilities 266 digital literacy skills 247, 247 educational attainment 56, 83, 88 effect of politics on education 102 employment and earnings 56, 88 environmental education 301–302, 301 gender disparity 88, 230 ICT facilities 314 literacy 282 political participation 71, 102 pre-primary education 272 primary education 272, 314 refugees 117 scholarship aid 324, 324 secondary education 272, 314 socio-economic background and perseverance 249 tertiary education 229, 230 TVET enrolment 223 women in politics 71 Turks and Caicos Islands, electricity provision, and ICT and internet access in schools 313 Tuvalu HIV education 292 TVET see technical and vocational education and training (TVET) typhoons 310 U Uganda agriculture 47 basic education 138 class sizes 329 democracy and education 102 early childhood care and education 213, 213 education aid 138 education expenditure 347 educational attainment 74, 75, 76, 81, 82, 85, 186, 371 employment 70, 85 ethnic minorities 76 female genital mutilation 82 fertility rate 83 gender disparity 70, 74, 75, 76 gender-based violence 109 health and nutrition programmes 78, 85 intimate partner violence 81 literacy 75, 281 literacy programme participation 278 malaria prevalence 371 microfinance schemes 91 mother tongue instruction 269, 270 national assessments 200 national education accounts 343 primary education 83, 106, 186, 328, 335 quality of education 118 refugees 106 rural areas 75, 315 school completion 186 school-based interventions 78 secondary education 106, 186 slum dwellers 118 solar lighting project 30 teacher attrition 339 teacher deployment 329–330 teacher education 335 teacher motivation 334 teaching methods 191, 192 tertiary education 231 textbooks 190 TVET participation 224, 225 violence in schools 316 within country disparity 76, 186, 231 years of education 186 UIS see Unesco Institute for Statistics (UIS) Ukraine child development 219 educational attainment 57, 58, 75, 186 employment and earnings 58, 59, 89 employment skills 59 gender disparity 75, 89 HIV education 292 home learning environment 215, 215 internally displaced persons 272 literacy 59, 219, 281, 282 numeracy 219 primary education completion 187 scholarship aid 324 secondary education completion 187 tertiary education 59, 231 532 ANNEX | INDEX
within country disparity 186, 231 working poverty 57 years of education 185, 186 UN Conference on Trade and Development, estimate of SDG cost 7 UN Conferences on Environment and Development (Rio) 5 UN Sustainability Literacy Test (SULITEST) 302 UN Women, ‘substantive equality for women’ 71 UNAIDS 291, 297 under-5 mortality and educational attainment 155, 156, 370–371, 371 effect of pollution and inadequate facilities 68 and maternal literacy 82, 83 reduction 69 underemployment 56 underweight children prevalence 80 see also malnutrition unemployment 55–56 and disaffected educated young people 103 incentive for conflict 103 UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL) 278 UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) free and compulsory education 361 indicators 263, 311, 311 UNICEF Module on Child Functioning 266–267, 267 monitoring tools 196, 197, 310, 310–311 multisectoral social protection strategy 144 Nourishing Bodies, Nourishing Minds initiative 140 UNICEF Early Childhood Development Index 377 Unilever, green policies 30 United Arab Emirates city leadership 129 educational attainment 76 ethnic minorities 76 national assessments 200 pre-primary enrolment 208 secondary education 335 socio-economic background and perseverance 249 teacher deployment 332 teacher mentoring 335 women in politics 71 United Kingdom adult education 237, 238 aid donor 137 city leadership 129 climate change education 35 crime 108 education aid donor 354, 355 education expenditure 233, 234 education research 365 educational attainment 89, 108 employment 51 environmental education 301 extracurricular activity participation 299 gender disparity 230 global citizenship education and knowledge 294, 300, 300 household expenditure 233 literacy 282 manufacturing industry 51 parent governors 294 Project Atlas on students abroad 324 pupil/teacher ratio and class size 329 scholarship aid 324 secondary education 238, 329 socio-economic background and perseverance 249 special educational needs 266, 266 student support 233, 234 sustainability initiatives 35, 273 tertiary education 89, 228, 229, 230, 231, 233, 234, 238 whole school environmental approach 27 within country disparity 231 women in politics 71, 90 see also England; Ireland; Scotland; Wales United Nations Decade for Education for Sustainable Development 43 United Nations Environment Programme 43 United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative 265 United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), entrepreneurship courses 253 United Nations Stabilization Mission (Haiti) 111 United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability 30 United Republic of Tanzania adult education 239 early childhood care and education 212, 213, 213 education aid 138 education expenditure 239 educational attainment 81, 82, 186 electricity provision 30, 312 female genital mutilation 82 female literacy 83 financial management system 349–350 gender disparity 75 global citizenship education 294 health care 78 intimate partner violence 81, 82 literacy 75, 83, 196, 281 literacy programme participation 278 mathematics achievement 197 national assessments 197, 201 nomad-specific education plans 9 primary education 186, 196, 197, 312, 329 reading proficiency 196 rural areas 75 school completion 186 secondary education 186, 197, 312 sexuality education 297 solar lighting project 30 teacher absenteeism 329 teacher education 297 teaching methods 191 textbooks 190 under-5 mortality rate 83 urban planning 126 within country disparity 186 years of education 186 United States child health 82 childhood obesity 80 children with disabilities 266 city leadership 129 civic education 100 climate change 44 competitive economy 119 crime 120 cyberbullying 315 discrimination of minority groups 72, 87 early childhood care and education 120, 212 education aid donor 138, 355 education expenditure 234 educational attainment 54, 56, 82, 88, 120 electoral participation 98 employment and earnings 56, 88, 89, 89, 120, 270 employment skills 59, 62 environmental concern 304 environmental education 30, 301 extracurricular activity participation 299 financial literacy 251 gender disparity 88, 89–90, 89, 90, 230 global citizenship knowledge 300, 302, 303 green economy 62, 270 health care 71, 79 household expenditure 234 indigenous culture and knowledge 28, 29 integrated interventions 125, 125 literacy 282 migration 271 parental gender attitudes 90 policy coherence failure 143–144 political participation 71, 100, 102 population growth 21 pregnancy education 84 primary education 187 pupil/teacher ratio and class size 328, 329 quality of education 100 rural-urban migration 117 scholarship aid 324 school completion 187 secondary education 120, 187, 328, 329 segregation 123–124 social skills 250 socio-economic background 102, 249 student support 321 sustainable living 28, 30, 32 teacher attrition 339 tertiary education 50, 59, 228, 229, 229, 230, 234 urban farms 32 urban planning 125, 125, 126 violence in schools 109, 315, 316 women in politics 71 see also Northern America universal primary education access 73 attainment of target 151, 153, 153, 154, 185, 186–187 and democracy 102 and fertility rate reduction 83–84 life-saving impact 161 see also free and/or compulsory education; primary education universal secondary education access 73 attainment of target 151, 152, 153, 153, 154, 185, 186–187 effect on child mortality levels 155, 156 effect on poverty reduction 156–157, 157 life-saving benefits 161 see also free and/or compulsory education; secondary education University of Chicago Law School, informal education workers’ rights project 120 University of Melbourne, Assessment and Teaching of 21st Century Skills project 247 university rankings 235 UNRWA 253 upper middle income countries basic skills for economic growth 49 child mortality rate 83 countries listed 399–400 education aid disbursements 325, 325, 354 education outcomes 68, 69 gender disparity 259, 259, 262, 262 health interventions 68, 69 literacy 280 out-of-school children 182, 182, 259 overweight children 80 population growth 20, 116 primary education 69, 184, 259, 259, 262 public education expenditure 136, 136, 346, 346, 349 school completion 184, 185, 185, 259, 259 secondary education 259, 262 tertiary education 229 under-5 mortality 69 wealth disparities 259, 259, 261 working poverty 52 see also emerging economies; richer countries upper secondary education effect on child mortality 155, 156 effect on poverty reduction 156–157, 157 and employment 56, 57, 58, 59, 59, 120 enrolment 182 enrolment of refugees 117, 272 entrepreneurial skills 252 gender disparity 185, 259, 259, 260, 262 ICT facilities 313, 314 mentoring for teachers 335 out-of-school children 182, 182, 183 rural areas 259 2016 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT 533
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GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT
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This Report is an independent publi
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Foreword The 2016 Global Education
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Acknowledgements This report would
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The Global Education Monitoring Rep
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CHAPTER 6 • Partnerships: enablin
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List of figures, tables, and text b
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Figure 17.2: Most primary schools d
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HIGHLIGHTS Education for people and
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PLACE Urbanization puts strain on e
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Monitoring SDG 4 TARGET 4.1: Primar
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A young boy takes part in a refores
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I INTRODUCTION HIGHLIGHTS Transform
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I of environmental degradation and
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I BOX 0.2 THE SDGS WERE CREATED THR
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I (Box 0.4). These principles state
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I TABLE 0.1: How education is typic
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I The Incheon Declaration affirmed
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I The chapter documents the links b
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Here students in Indonesia learn ab
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1 KEY MESSAGES Living sustainably r
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1 other heat-trapping gases into th
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1 so that even countries with natur
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1 in responding to environmental ch
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1 petition, given more money or tak
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1 to these values are notions such
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1 Ethiopia, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, N
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1 “ If education progress is stal
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1 FIGURE 1.3: Poor children in the
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A man stands in a crop of cassava t
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2 KEY MESSAGES Education has a key
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2 on human welfare. Education helps
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2 BOX 2.1 Green industries demand p
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2 considerations and risk managemen
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2 developing regions (de Janvry and
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2 and supporting good governance (A
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2 FIGURE 2.1: Employment is being p
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2 growth does not necessarily mean
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2 jobs and decent earnings, even in
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2 disproportionately affected, acco
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2 Globally, earnings increase by ap
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2 with tertiary education, while th
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2 In many countries, green growth m
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Selina Akter, second year midwifery
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3 KEY MESSAGES Progress in health,
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3 health, water, sanitation, energy
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3 FIGURE 3.2: Women do more unpaid
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3 called for. Women’s empowerment
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3 FIGURE 3.5: There are large dispa
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3 FIGURE 3.7: Education marginaliza
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3 Tanzania revealed that many docto
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3 FIGURE 3.8: While being underweig
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3 FIGURE 3.10: In most countries, w
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3 2007, to 44 months. By 2007, birt
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3 outcomes in many countries, inclu
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3 that most behaviour changes are n
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3 they were twice as likely to hold
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3 Brazil, Indonesia, Rwanda and Sou
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Children look through a destroyed c
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4 KEY MESSAGES Getting children int
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4 EDUCATION MATTERS IN INCREASING P
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4 One direct form of political part
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4 tertiary education formed the cor
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4 “ 35% of out-of-school children
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4 “ Refugee children and adolesce
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4 has expanded in recent years to b
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4 Lack of knowledge and education s
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Favelas in Rio de Janeiro, which fo
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5 KEY MESSAGES Education must be in
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5 FIGURE 5.1A: We live in an increa
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5 adequate knowledge of the local l
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5 it in urban economies is importan
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5 “ Education gaps are often wide
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5 In the United States, the 1954 Su
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5 BOX 5.5 Better urban planning can
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5 FIGURE 5.4A: In Medellín, Colomb
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5 130 CHAPTER 5 | PLACE: INCLUSIVE
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CHAPTER 6 Partnerships: enabling co
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6 Finance..........................
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6 strategic aid, non-traditional pa
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6 Even with substantial increases i
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6 FIGURE 6.4: Inequities in aid to
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6 instructive examples of national
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6 vertical integration is often con
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6 projects had satisfactory outcome
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6 funds; mobilized civil society an
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CHAPTER 7 Projections: forecasting
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7 Projecting global educational att
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7 TABLE 7.2: Projected attainment r
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7 TABLE 7.3: Percentage of countrie
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7 FIGURE 7.4: Universal upper secon
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CHAPTER 8 Education and sustainable
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8 Policy recommendations...........
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8 Evidence gathered for this report
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8 PROSPERITY In order to reduce pov
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8 PARTNERSHIPS In order to ensure a
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CHAPTER 9 The challenges of monitor
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9 Reaching consensus on the post-20
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9 skills in information and communi
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9 The Incheon Declaration requested
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9 offer policy-makers sufficient in
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10 CHAPTER 10 Sustainable Developme
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10 FIGURE 10.1: More than 4 in 10 c
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10 TABLE 10.2: Countries with the l
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10 TABLE 10.3: Completion rates by
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10 FIGURE 10.6: In almost one-quart
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10 SYSTEMS LEARNERS SCHOOL AND CLAS
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10 PROCESSES: CLASSROOM OBSERVATION
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10 and classroom climate to policy-
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10 FIGURE 10.9: In Latin America, a
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10 BOX 10.3 A new module on learnin
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10 assessment between 2007 and 2013
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10 The second issue is that resourc
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10 was administered For global moni
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11 “ In 2014, 44% of children wer
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11 ratio was 44%, while the percent
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11 Because of the range and diversi
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11 30 country reports in 3 areas, n
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11 BOX 11.1 Defining positive and s
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11 At the start of the process to d
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11 FIGURE 11.5: About three-quarter
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12 A typology of TVET recognizes th
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12 are operated by the General Depa
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12 Within its Systems Approach for
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12 Administrative sources provide e
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12 FIGURE 12.6: There are vast diff
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12 But data in this area are still
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12 University rankings Ever since f
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12 for participation is job related
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12 while in Latvia it declined unti
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12 Since the 1990s, Mozambique has
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13 in the social and political life
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13 by a large task. The four themes
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13 found that workers who scored be
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13 A Standard & Poor’s module wit
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13 CONCLUSION This chapter has revi
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14 INEQUALITY MEASURES Measuring in
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14 index equal to 0.86, and at the
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14 The parity index must be interpr
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14 BOX 14.2 The Inter-Agency Group
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14 for at least one of five reasons
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14 behaviour, play, development of
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14 trained in the bilingual curricu
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14 MIGRATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMEN
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14 There are important, sometimes i
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15 Literacy is a basic cognitive sk
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15 BOX 15.1 Measuring participation
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15 FIGURE 15.3: In many countries,
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15 The assessment would need to hav
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15 may reduce the assessment’s va
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16 examines several initiatives tha
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16 COMPREHENSIVE SEXUALITY EDUCATIO
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16 ‘global thinking’, and half
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16 “ Close to 50% of secondary sc
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16 rights training in pre-service t
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16 community, including activities
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16 PISA included questions designed
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16 global population issues, which
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16 ENDNOTES 1. The third phase, 201
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17 “ In the least developed count
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17 entering and moving through the
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17 FIGURE 17.3: Electricity access
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17 it is the more common and often
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17 Violence and attacks against civ
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18 funds a programme managed by the
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18 Around 22,500 scholarships were
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18 About 70% of aid to higher educa
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19 FIGURE 19.1: The pupil/teacher r
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19 The coverage of both indicators
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19 educators were rarely experts in
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19 The survey also asked lower seco
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19 BOX 19.3 Upgrading ‘parents’
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19 As information on occupations is
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20 CHAPTER 20 20 Finance (selected
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20 Faced with similar challenges, t
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20 TABLE 20.1: Selected education f
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20 suggests the lower limit of the
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20 FIGURE 20.5: Information on even
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20 new module on equity and inclusi
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20 “ There is a 42% financing gap
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20 countries is that estimates excl
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20 middle income countries suggests
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21 CHAPTER 21 Education systems (se
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21 DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS FOR MONITORING
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21 While SABER has extended the evi
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21 LOOKING AHEAD In essence, polici
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22 CHAPTER 22 Education in the othe
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22 governments. It measures the num
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22 b. Under-5 mortality rate (death
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22 LIFELONG LEARNING AS A FACTOR CO
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23 CHAPTER 23 Priorities for monito
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23 facilitate well-informed and mea
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23 government and non-government sc
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23 not the main concern. Countries
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23 In light of the expanded scope o
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CHAPTER 24 Epilogue 385
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24 “ When the High-Level Politica
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24 ‘robust, voluntary, effective,
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Annex Statistical Tables Introducti
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5 Statistical tables 1 INTRODUCTION
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5 UIS encourages countries to make
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5 SDG 4 targets and related indicat
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5 Switzerland, The former Yugoslav
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TABLE 1 Background demographic stat
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TABLE 1 Part 1 (Continued) DEMOGRAP
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 1 Backgr
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 1 Part 2
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 2 SDG 4,
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 4 (Conti
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 10 SDG 4
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 10 (Cont
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 13 Part
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 13 Part
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 14 Domes
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477
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5 Aid tables INTRODUCTION 1 The dat
Page 505 and 506: TABLE 1 Bilateral and multilateral
Page 507 and 508: DIRECT AID TO POST-SECONDARY EDUCAT
Page 509 and 510: DIRECT AID TO SECONDARY EDUCATION D
Page 515 and 516: TABLE 4 ODA recipients (Continued)
Page 517 and 518: Glossary Adjusted net enrolment rat
Page 519 and 520: Net attendance rate (NAR). Number o
Page 521 and 522: Abbreviations AAPS AES AHELO AIDS A
Page 523 and 524: ILO IMF INES ISCED ISSA LAMP LEARNi
Page 525 and 526: Index This index covers the Introdu
Page 527 and 528: home learning environment 215 ICT f
Page 529 and 530: HIV education 292 NGOs 211 out-of-s
Page 531 and 532: see also traditional knowledge Cura
Page 533 and 534: education Education 2030 Framework
Page 535 and 536: Fiji TVET enrolment 223 violence in
Page 537 and 538: ole of education 61, 78, 88, 165 gr
Page 539 and 540: educational attainment 75, 76, 105
Page 541 and 542: working poverty 57, 61 years of edu
Page 543 and 544: M Macao, China environmental educat
Page 545 and 546: perseverance 249 tertiary education
Page 547 and 548: primary education 314 secondary edu
Page 549 and 550: tertiary education 228, 229, 230, 2
Page 551 and 552: women in politics 99 years of educa
Page 553 and 554: small island developing States stud
Page 555: perseverance 249 special educationa
Page 559 and 560: attitudes to business 253 benefits
Page 561 and 562: Introduction Carson, R. 1962. Silen
Page 563 and 564: Das, P. K. 2010. Climate Change and
Page 565 and 566: Reyhner, J. and Eder, J. 2015. Amer
Page 567 and 568: Aghion, P., Veugelers, R. and Serre
Page 569 and 570: Hanushek, E. A., Schwerdt, G., Wied
Page 571 and 572: Pritchett, L. 2006. Does learning t
Page 573 and 574: Bhurosy, T. and Jeewon, R. 2014. Ov
Page 575 and 576: Gunewardena, D. 2015. Why aren’t
Page 577 and 578: McBride, D. E. and Parry, J. A. 201
Page 579 and 580: United Cities and Local Governments
Page 581 and 582: Campbell, D. E. 2008. Voice in the
Page 583 and 584: Mendenhall, M. and Chopra, N. 2016.
Page 585 and 586: Allen, H. 2013. Africa’s First Fu
Page 587 and 588: Hanson, D. 2013. Assessing the Harl
Page 589 and 590: Sirin, S. R. and Rogers-Sirin, L. 2
Page 591 and 592: Fehling, M., Nelson, B. D. and Venk
Page 593 and 594: Prichard, W. 2010. Taxation and Sta
Page 595 and 596: Lager, A. C. J. and Torssander, J.
Page 597 and 598: Bennell, P. and Akyeampong, K. 2007
Page 599 and 600: Crouch, L. 2015. Stumbling at the f
Page 601 and 602: Facione, P. A. 1990. Critical Think
Page 603 and 604: Hardin, B. J., Vardell, R. and de C
Page 605 and 606: Inter-Agency Working Group on TVET
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Marfo, K. 2011. Envisioning an Afri
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___. 2009b. INES Network for the Co
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Pew Research Center. 2015. Internet
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South Africa Government. 2013. Regu
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UNDP. 2004. Human Development Repor
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UNICEF and WHO. 2015. Progress on S
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Wortham, S. C. 2013. Common Charact
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