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school completion 152, 184, 185, 185, 186–187, 259, 260 2030 target 151, 153, 153, 154, 363 in SDG 4 181 teachers 331 urban areas 259 wealth disparities 185, 185, 259, 259, 260 and working poverty 57, 58 urban areas economic growth 118–119 educational equality 166 ICT facilities 314 literacy 74, 75 literacy programme participation 279, 279 out-of-school children 259 primary education 259 private schools 118 refugee enrolment 117 rural-to-urban migration 21, 116, 117, 166 school completion 259 secondary education 259 slum dwellers 118 sustainable settlements project (Colombia) 28 urban farms 32 violence 122, 127–128, 128 see also cities; urban planning; urbanization urban competitiveness, education and research needs 119 urban farms 32 urban planning role of education 115 training for 125–126 urban violence 122 integrated approaches 127–128, 128 urban-rural disparity in education 121–122, 122 urbanization 21, 115 Uruguay child development 219 educational attainment 186 electricity provision 312, 313 environmental education 301 global citizenship education 294 HIV education 292 home learning environment 215 internet access 313 literacy 195, 219 mathematics achievement 195 numeracy 195, 219 pre-primary education 338 primary education 195, 312, 338 psychological bullying in schools 315 reading proficiency 195 secondary education 312, 338, 338 socio-economic background and perseverance 249 teacher salaries 338, 338 violence in schools 315 within country disparity 186 years of education 186 Uzbekistan gender disparity 230 HIV education 292 tertiary education 230 textbooks 190 V Vanuatu early childhood development 217 HIV education 292 income level 354 underweight children 80 Vélib (Paris) cycling scheme 121 Venezuela see Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela verbal bullying, effects 109 Viet Nam child development 217, 219 city leadership 129 climate change 34 early childhood care and education 210 education aid 138 educational attainment 57, 58, 60, 74, 186 employment 58, 60 employment skills 59 gender disparity 74 green technology 273 home learning environment 215 literacy 219, 245, 281, 282 mother tongue instruction 269, 269 national assessments 200 national education accounts 343, 344, 345 natural disasters 33 numeracy 219 pre-primary education 209 primary education 34 primary education completion 186 reading proficiency 245 rural areas 122 scholarship aid 324 school completion 34 scientific researchers 372 secondary education 34 secondary education completion 186 sexuality education 291 socio-economic background 60, 249 sustainable development education 297 teacher education 297 teacher motivation 334 teacher’s language 269 technological transfer 42 tertiary education 59, 229 TVET participation 224 underweight children 80 urban areas 122 wealth disparities 122 within country disparity 186, 210 working poverty 57, 60 years of education 186 violence see conflict; conflict-affected areas; gender-based violence; interpersonal violence; intimate partner violence; school-related violence; urban violence vocational training and employment 56 entrepreneurial skills 253 role in sustainable agriculture 45 see also technical and vocational education and training (TVET) voter education campaigns 98, 99 Voter Opinion and Involvement through Civic education (Democratic Republic of the Congo) 98 voting 98–99 voucher schemes, TVET 226 vulnerable employment 57, 58, 58, 60 W Wales, special educational needs 266 Washington Group on Disability Statistics 266–267 waste from consumption, reduction 40, 43 water depletion 44 water deprivation, in indigenous populations 72 water provision access to 68, 69, 85 capacity building for 372 school-based interventions 79–80, 308–309, 309 water, sanitation and hygiene facilities monitoring 308–309 see also sanitation water use, freshwater and ocean 20 WDE 361 wealth disparities adult literacy participation 278 cities 121–122, 122, 124 digital literacy 247, 247 educational attainment 73–74, 185, 186, 230, 231 and gender disparity 259 literacy rates 279 and marginalized groups 73–75, 74–75 out-of-school children 259, 260 over-age children in education 183, 184 pre-primary education 209, 210 primary education 184, 185, 259, 259, 260 school completion 184, 185, 185, 259, 259, 260, 261, 262 secondary education 185, 185, 259, 259, 260, 261, 262 years of education 185, 186 see also extreme poverty; poverty; within country disparities; working poverty weapons use in school 316 welfare programmes see social protection programmes Western Africa adolescent birth rate 370 educational attainment 370 under-5 mortality rate 371 see also individual countries Western Asia adolescent birth rate 370 adult literacy 280 conflict 104, 183 countries listed 399 ecological footprint 21 education aid 354 education expenditure 346 educational attainment 55, 370 environmental education 301 gender disparity 182, 260, 262, 280 HIV education 292 human rights education 295 out-of-school children 104, 182, 182, 183 population growth 21 pre-primary enrolment 207 primary education 153, 153, 182, 183, 260, 262 repetition rate 183 school completion 154, 156, 260 secondary education 153, 154, 155, 156, 182, 182, 260, 262 teacher education 331 tertiary education 48, 229 textbooks 295 TVET enrolment 223 under-5 mortality rate 156, 371 unemployment 55 universal primary and secondary education 153, 153, 154, 155, 156 wealth disparities 251, 260 youth literacy 280 see also individual countries Western Europe childhood obesity 79 electoral participation 98 health and nutrition programmes 79 school-based interventions 79 see also Europe; European Union; individual countries WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, water, sanitation and hygiene 309 whole school approach (environment and sustainability) 26–27, 293–294 within country disparities digital literacy 247 early childhood care and education 209, 210 education funding 167 as education indicator 257 gender disparity 74, 74–75, 75 ICT facilities 313–314 marginalized groups 73–76, 74–75 out-of-school children 181, 181 rural-urban and intra-urban disparity 121–124, 122 teacher employment contracts 337 see also wealth disparities women in agriculture 46, 69 534 ANNEX | INDEX
attitudes to business 253 benefits of women 80–82 effect of education on employment 81 effects of voter education campaigns 98 employment inequality 56, 57, 60, 61, 69–70, 70, 81, 88–89, 88, 89, 165 failure of education to empower 88–90 female role models in schools 91 financial acumen 251 indigenous groups 73 informal employment 69, 70, 120 literacy 73, 81, 277–278, 279, 280, 280 in politics 70, 71, 89–90, 99 scholarships 321 tertiary education 230, 230–231 in vulnerable employment 57 see also gender disparity; gender equality; girls; mothers women’s rights, education on 295, 295 workers, education on environmental change and sustainability 31 working poverty 52–53, 52, 57–58, 57, 60 workplace-based TVET 223, 223, 224, 224, 225 World Bank inequality indicators 263 multisectoral aid 144 public education expenditure reviews 350 Skills Toward Employment and Productivity (STEP) survey 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 225, 282, 282 Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER) 199–200, 227, 335, 350–351, 362–363, 362 World Data on Education (WDE) 361 World Education Forum (Incheon) 180, 263 Incheon Declaration 7, 12 World Food Programme 140 World Humanitarian Summit 2016 147 world population see population growth World Programme on Human Rights Education framework 289–290 World Report on Violence against Children 314 world resources, unequal consumption 3, 21, 22–23, 22, 23, 24, 120, 157, 162 World Summit on the Information Society 311 World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg) 5 World Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Database 361 World Values Survey (WVS) 303 worm infestation, treatment 79, 85 Y years of schooling attainment 185, 186 within-country disparities 74, 74–75, 76 see also school completion; school participation Yemen adolescent birth rate 370 attacks on schools 317 early childhood care and education 213, 213 educational attainment 82, 186, 370 female genital mutilation 82 financial literacy 251 gendered attitudes 264 HIV education 292 primary education 106, 106, 186 refugees 106, 106 school completion 186 secondary education 106, 186 students abroad 323 under-5 mortality rate 371 underweight children 80 within country disparity 186 years of education 186 Yolngu peoples, education issues 77 young adults, years of schooling 76 young people birth rate of adolescents 370, 370 global citizenship and sustainability knowledge 302–303 internet use 245 literacy 74, 279, 280, 280 NEET (not in education, employment or training) 369 out-of-school 182, 182, 183, 183 years of educational attainment 185, 186 see also higher education; secondary education; technical and vocational education and training (TVET); tertiary education; youth literacy Youth Entrepreneurship Development programme 253 youth literacy 74, 279, 280, 280 youth organizations, extracurricular activities 299 Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia see former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, The Z Zambia adaption to climate change 10 agriculture 46 aid for domestic resources mobilization 138 child health 82 education aid 200 educational attainment 10, 74, 81, 186, 370 electricity provision 312 gender disparity 74, 75 global citizenship education and knowledge 290, 294, 303 intimate partner violence 81 literacy 75, 82, 281 literacy programme participation 278 national assessments 200 primary education 186, 312 rural areas 75 school completion 186 secondary education 186, 312 teacher education 333 teacher skills 333 tertiary education 231 under-5 mortality rate 370, 371 within country disparity 186, 231 years of education 186 youth literacy 280 Zimbabwe child development 219 educational attainment 74, 81, 186 gender disparity 74 global citizenship education 290 health interventions 87 HIV education 292, 292 HIV status 87 home learning environment 215, 215 intimate partner violence 81 literacy 219, 281 literacy programme participation 278 national assessments 199 national education accounts 343, 344, 344, 345 numeracy 219 pre-primary education 209 primary education completion 186 school curriculum 290 secondary education completion 186 students abroad 323 tertiary education 228, 231 voter education 98–99 within country disparity 186, 231 years of education 186 2016 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT 535
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GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT
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This Report is an independent publi
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Foreword The 2016 Global Education
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Acknowledgements This report would
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The Global Education Monitoring Rep
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CHAPTER 6 • Partnerships: enablin
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List of figures, tables, and text b
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Figure 17.2: Most primary schools d
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HIGHLIGHTS Education for people and
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PLACE Urbanization puts strain on e
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Monitoring SDG 4 TARGET 4.1: Primar
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A young boy takes part in a refores
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I INTRODUCTION HIGHLIGHTS Transform
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I of environmental degradation and
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I BOX 0.2 THE SDGS WERE CREATED THR
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I (Box 0.4). These principles state
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I TABLE 0.1: How education is typic
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I The Incheon Declaration affirmed
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I The chapter documents the links b
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Here students in Indonesia learn ab
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1 KEY MESSAGES Living sustainably r
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1 other heat-trapping gases into th
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1 so that even countries with natur
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1 in responding to environmental ch
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1 petition, given more money or tak
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1 to these values are notions such
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1 Ethiopia, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, N
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1 “ If education progress is stal
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1 FIGURE 1.3: Poor children in the
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A man stands in a crop of cassava t
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2 KEY MESSAGES Education has a key
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2 on human welfare. Education helps
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2 BOX 2.1 Green industries demand p
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2 considerations and risk managemen
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2 developing regions (de Janvry and
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2 and supporting good governance (A
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2 FIGURE 2.1: Employment is being p
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2 growth does not necessarily mean
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2 jobs and decent earnings, even in
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2 disproportionately affected, acco
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2 Globally, earnings increase by ap
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2 with tertiary education, while th
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2 In many countries, green growth m
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Selina Akter, second year midwifery
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3 KEY MESSAGES Progress in health,
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3 health, water, sanitation, energy
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3 FIGURE 3.2: Women do more unpaid
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3 called for. Women’s empowerment
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3 FIGURE 3.5: There are large dispa
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3 FIGURE 3.7: Education marginaliza
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3 Tanzania revealed that many docto
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3 FIGURE 3.8: While being underweig
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3 FIGURE 3.10: In most countries, w
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3 2007, to 44 months. By 2007, birt
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3 outcomes in many countries, inclu
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3 that most behaviour changes are n
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3 they were twice as likely to hold
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3 Brazil, Indonesia, Rwanda and Sou
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Children look through a destroyed c
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4 KEY MESSAGES Getting children int
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4 EDUCATION MATTERS IN INCREASING P
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4 One direct form of political part
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4 tertiary education formed the cor
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4 “ 35% of out-of-school children
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4 “ Refugee children and adolesce
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4 has expanded in recent years to b
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4 Lack of knowledge and education s
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Favelas in Rio de Janeiro, which fo
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5 KEY MESSAGES Education must be in
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5 FIGURE 5.1A: We live in an increa
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5 adequate knowledge of the local l
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5 it in urban economies is importan
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5 “ Education gaps are often wide
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5 In the United States, the 1954 Su
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5 BOX 5.5 Better urban planning can
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5 FIGURE 5.4A: In Medellín, Colomb
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5 130 CHAPTER 5 | PLACE: INCLUSIVE
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CHAPTER 6 Partnerships: enabling co
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6 Finance..........................
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6 strategic aid, non-traditional pa
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6 Even with substantial increases i
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6 FIGURE 6.4: Inequities in aid to
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6 instructive examples of national
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6 vertical integration is often con
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6 projects had satisfactory outcome
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6 funds; mobilized civil society an
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CHAPTER 7 Projections: forecasting
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7 Projecting global educational att
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7 TABLE 7.2: Projected attainment r
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7 TABLE 7.3: Percentage of countrie
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7 FIGURE 7.4: Universal upper secon
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CHAPTER 8 Education and sustainable
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8 Policy recommendations...........
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8 Evidence gathered for this report
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8 PROSPERITY In order to reduce pov
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8 PARTNERSHIPS In order to ensure a
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CHAPTER 9 The challenges of monitor
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9 Reaching consensus on the post-20
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9 skills in information and communi
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9 The Incheon Declaration requested
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9 offer policy-makers sufficient in
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10 CHAPTER 10 Sustainable Developme
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10 FIGURE 10.1: More than 4 in 10 c
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10 TABLE 10.2: Countries with the l
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10 TABLE 10.3: Completion rates by
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10 FIGURE 10.6: In almost one-quart
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10 SYSTEMS LEARNERS SCHOOL AND CLAS
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10 PROCESSES: CLASSROOM OBSERVATION
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10 and classroom climate to policy-
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10 FIGURE 10.9: In Latin America, a
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10 BOX 10.3 A new module on learnin
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10 assessment between 2007 and 2013
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10 The second issue is that resourc
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10 was administered For global moni
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11 “ In 2014, 44% of children wer
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11 ratio was 44%, while the percent
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11 Because of the range and diversi
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11 30 country reports in 3 areas, n
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11 BOX 11.1 Defining positive and s
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11 At the start of the process to d
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11 FIGURE 11.5: About three-quarter
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12 A typology of TVET recognizes th
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12 are operated by the General Depa
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12 Within its Systems Approach for
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12 Administrative sources provide e
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12 FIGURE 12.6: There are vast diff
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12 But data in this area are still
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12 University rankings Ever since f
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12 for participation is job related
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12 while in Latvia it declined unti
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12 Since the 1990s, Mozambique has
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13 in the social and political life
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13 by a large task. The four themes
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13 found that workers who scored be
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13 A Standard & Poor’s module wit
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13 CONCLUSION This chapter has revi
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14 INEQUALITY MEASURES Measuring in
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14 index equal to 0.86, and at the
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14 The parity index must be interpr
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14 BOX 14.2 The Inter-Agency Group
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14 for at least one of five reasons
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14 behaviour, play, development of
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14 trained in the bilingual curricu
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14 MIGRATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMEN
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14 There are important, sometimes i
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15 Literacy is a basic cognitive sk
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15 BOX 15.1 Measuring participation
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15 FIGURE 15.3: In many countries,
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15 The assessment would need to hav
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15 may reduce the assessment’s va
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16 examines several initiatives tha
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16 COMPREHENSIVE SEXUALITY EDUCATIO
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16 ‘global thinking’, and half
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16 “ Close to 50% of secondary sc
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16 rights training in pre-service t
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16 community, including activities
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16 PISA included questions designed
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16 global population issues, which
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16 ENDNOTES 1. The third phase, 201
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17 “ In the least developed count
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17 entering and moving through the
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17 FIGURE 17.3: Electricity access
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17 it is the more common and often
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17 Violence and attacks against civ
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18 funds a programme managed by the
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18 Around 22,500 scholarships were
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18 About 70% of aid to higher educa
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19 FIGURE 19.1: The pupil/teacher r
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19 The coverage of both indicators
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19 educators were rarely experts in
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19 The survey also asked lower seco
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19 BOX 19.3 Upgrading ‘parents’
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19 As information on occupations is
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20 CHAPTER 20 20 Finance (selected
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20 Faced with similar challenges, t
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20 TABLE 20.1: Selected education f
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20 suggests the lower limit of the
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20 FIGURE 20.5: Information on even
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20 new module on equity and inclusi
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20 “ There is a 42% financing gap
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20 countries is that estimates excl
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20 middle income countries suggests
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21 CHAPTER 21 Education systems (se
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21 DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS FOR MONITORING
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21 While SABER has extended the evi
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21 LOOKING AHEAD In essence, polici
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22 CHAPTER 22 Education in the othe
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22 governments. It measures the num
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22 b. Under-5 mortality rate (death
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22 LIFELONG LEARNING AS A FACTOR CO
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23 CHAPTER 23 Priorities for monito
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23 facilitate well-informed and mea
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23 government and non-government sc
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23 not the main concern. Countries
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23 In light of the expanded scope o
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CHAPTER 24 Epilogue 385
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24 “ When the High-Level Politica
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24 ‘robust, voluntary, effective,
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Annex Statistical Tables Introducti
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5 Statistical tables 1 INTRODUCTION
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5 UIS encourages countries to make
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5 SDG 4 targets and related indicat
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5 Switzerland, The former Yugoslav
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TABLE 1 Background demographic stat
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TABLE 1 Part 1 (Continued) DEMOGRAP
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 1 Backgr
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 1 Part 2
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 2 SDG 4,
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 4 (Conti
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 10 SDG 4
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 10 (Cont
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 13 Part
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 13 Part
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 14 Domes
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477
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5 Aid tables INTRODUCTION 1 The dat
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TABLE 1 Bilateral and multilateral
Page 507 and 508: DIRECT AID TO POST-SECONDARY EDUCAT
Page 509 and 510: DIRECT AID TO SECONDARY EDUCATION D
Page 515 and 516: TABLE 4 ODA recipients (Continued)
Page 517 and 518: Glossary Adjusted net enrolment rat
Page 519 and 520: Net attendance rate (NAR). Number o
Page 521 and 522: Abbreviations AAPS AES AHELO AIDS A
Page 523 and 524: ILO IMF INES ISCED ISSA LAMP LEARNi
Page 525 and 526: Index This index covers the Introdu
Page 527 and 528: home learning environment 215 ICT f
Page 529 and 530: HIV education 292 NGOs 211 out-of-s
Page 531 and 532: see also traditional knowledge Cura
Page 533 and 534: education Education 2030 Framework
Page 535 and 536: Fiji TVET enrolment 223 violence in
Page 537 and 538: ole of education 61, 78, 88, 165 gr
Page 539 and 540: educational attainment 75, 76, 105
Page 541 and 542: working poverty 57, 61 years of edu
Page 543 and 544: M Macao, China environmental educat
Page 545 and 546: perseverance 249 tertiary education
Page 547 and 548: primary education 314 secondary edu
Page 549 and 550: tertiary education 228, 229, 230, 2
Page 551 and 552: women in politics 99 years of educa
Page 553 and 554: small island developing States stud
Page 555 and 556: perseverance 249 special educationa
Page 557: within country disparity 186, 231 w
Page 561 and 562: Introduction Carson, R. 1962. Silen
Page 563 and 564: Das, P. K. 2010. Climate Change and
Page 565 and 566: Reyhner, J. and Eder, J. 2015. Amer
Page 567 and 568: Aghion, P., Veugelers, R. and Serre
Page 569 and 570: Hanushek, E. A., Schwerdt, G., Wied
Page 571 and 572: Pritchett, L. 2006. Does learning t
Page 573 and 574: Bhurosy, T. and Jeewon, R. 2014. Ov
Page 575 and 576: Gunewardena, D. 2015. Why aren’t
Page 577 and 578: McBride, D. E. and Parry, J. A. 201
Page 579 and 580: United Cities and Local Governments
Page 581 and 582: Campbell, D. E. 2008. Voice in the
Page 583 and 584: Mendenhall, M. and Chopra, N. 2016.
Page 585 and 586: Allen, H. 2013. Africa’s First Fu
Page 587 and 588: Hanson, D. 2013. Assessing the Harl
Page 589 and 590: Sirin, S. R. and Rogers-Sirin, L. 2
Page 591 and 592: Fehling, M., Nelson, B. D. and Venk
Page 593 and 594: Prichard, W. 2010. Taxation and Sta
Page 595 and 596: Lager, A. C. J. and Torssander, J.
Page 597 and 598: Bennell, P. and Akyeampong, K. 2007
Page 599 and 600: Crouch, L. 2015. Stumbling at the f
Page 601 and 602: Facione, P. A. 1990. Critical Think
Page 603 and 604: Hardin, B. J., Vardell, R. and de C
Page 605 and 606: Inter-Agency Working Group on TVET
Page 607 and 608: Marfo, K. 2011. Envisioning an Afri
Page 609 and 610:
___. 2009b. INES Network for the Co
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Pew Research Center. 2015. Internet
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South Africa Government. 2013. Regu
Page 615 and 616:
UNDP. 2004. Human Development Repor
Page 617 and 618:
UNICEF and WHO. 2015. Progress on S
Page 619 and 620:
Wortham, S. C. 2013. Common Charact
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