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TVET programmes 223 and wealth disparity 259 within country disparities 74, 74–75, 75 working poverty 60 gender equality attitude measurement 303–304 domains for monitoring and improvement 264, 266 education 91–92, 165, 293, 293, 296 effect of school-based health interventions 80 gender bias reduction 91–92 global indicator 368–369 holistic view 72 integrated interventions 92 limitations of education impact 88–90 measurement 264–265 prerequisite for social development 68 progress and disparity 69–72, 70, 71 in school curricula 293, 293 and success of scholarship programmes 98 textbook content 296 gender parity index (GPI) 76 genetic/environmental effects on development 214 Georg Eckert Institute for International Textbook Research 290 Georgia ecological footprint 23 education expenditure 347 education funding 351 educational attainment 57, 58, 75 electricity provision and internet access 313 employment 58, 89 employment skills 59 equity improvement 351 gender disparity 75, 89, 230 ICT facilities and internet access 313, 313 literacy 282 primary education 187, 313 school completion 187 secondary education 187, 313 sustainability 22 teacher induction 335 teacher skills 333 tertiary education 59, 229, 230 working poverty 57 Germany adult education 238, 239, 239 digital literacy skills 247 early childhood care and education 212 education aid donor 324, 355 employment 270 employment skills 59 environmental education 301 global citizenship knowledge 303 green economy 270 green energy 31 integrated interventions 125 literacy 282 policy coherence 143 primary education completion 187 Project Atlas on students abroad 324 secondary education 187, 238 socio-economic background and perseverance 249 special educational needs 266, 266 sustainability initiatives 31, 121, 273 teacher shortages 331–332 tertiary education 59, 228, 231, 238 urban planning 125, 126 within country disparity 231 women in politics 71 Ghana adaption to climate change 10 adolescent birth rate 370 agriculture 34 child development 219 educational attainment 10, 57, 58, 60, 61, 74, 75, 76, 81, 82, 186, 370, 371 electricity provision 312 employment and earnings 58, 59, 60, 61, 89, 140, 245 employment skills 59 ethnic minorities 75, 76 female genital mutilation 82 gender disparity 60, 61, 74, 76, 89, 183, 184, 230 global citizenship education 294 health interventions 85, 372 HIV education 292 home learning environment 215, 215 integrated programmes 140, 144 intimate partner violence 81 literacy 59, 196, 219, 245, 281, 282 literacy programme participation 278 malaria prevalence 371 mathematics achievement 109 national assessments 199 numeracy 109, 219 over-age children 183, 184 political participation 99, 100, 101–102 pre-primary education 209 primary education 184, 186, 196, 312 psychological bullying in schools 315 reading proficiency 196, 245 school completion 186 secondary education 184, 186, 312 socio-economic disadvantage 60 students abroad 323 tertiary education 59, 101–102, 228, 229, 230, 231 textbooks 189 violence in schools 109, 109, 315 water and sanitation programmes 85, 372 within country disparity 76, 184, 186, 231 women in politics 99 working poverty 57, 60, 61 years of education 186 Gini index 52, 53 girls disaster preparedness 33 discrimination in education 87, 87 educational attainment and earnings 88 effect of female role models 91 literacy 74, 75, 279, 280, 280 marriage 291 mathematics participation 91, 165, 265 menstrual hygiene programmes 80 multiple disadvantage 75 out-of-school 180–181, 181, 182 over-age children in education 183, 184 political participation 98 scholarship programmes 98 school completion 104 school participation 73, 74, 109 sexual abuse of 109 water and sanitation programme benefits 10, 80, 308 see also gender disparity; gender equality; women Global Alliance for Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience in the Education Sector 310 Global Campaign for Education 145 global citizenship global and thematic indicators 287 in school curricula 293, 293, 294 school textbook content 294–296, 295, 296 training for teachers 296–298 see also gender equality; human rights; peacebuilding; sustainable development Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack (GCPEA) 317 Global Database on the Right to Education 361 global economy wealth disparity 161–162 see also economic growth; green economy Global Education Monitoring Report aims 387–388 guide to report 12–15 policy recommendations 165–167 role in monitoring SDGs 183–184 see also SDG 4; Sustainable Development Goals Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 252 Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, guidelines 310 global GDP 7, 118, 133 Global Geographic Literacy Survey 302–303 Global Guidelines Assessment 212 global indicators 379, 395–397 adoption of 181 early childhood care and education 205 for education in other SDGs 367–373 education systems 307, 359 equity 255 literacy and numeracy 275, 276 primary and secondary education 179 scholarships 319 skills for work 243 sustainable development and global citizenship 287, 288 teachers 327, 330 technical, vocational and adult education 221, 222, 236, 239 Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children 316 Global Network of Learning Cities (UNESCO) 126 Global Partnership for Education (GPE) 146–147 Assessment for Learning initiative 201 disbursements of aid 201, 355 gender equality collaborations 265 Literacy and Numeracy Education Support programme 201 global population see population growth Global Programme for Safer Schools 310 Global Report on Adult Learning and Education (GRALE) 239, 240, 241, 277 Global School-based Student Health Survey 315–316 governance importance of good governance 4 incorporation into SDGs 7 Government Spending Watch (Oxfam) 350 governments expenditure see public expenditure planning 116–118, 166, 167 see also donors GPE see Global Partnership for Education GPI 76 Graça Machel SASOL Scholarships 321 grade repetition 183, 310 graduate deficit (tertiary education) 50 graduates and education-based segregation in cities 124 enrolment ratio 229–230, 229, 230–231 necessary for city competitiveness 119 percentage of population 228, 229 graduation 228–230, 228, 229, 230–231, 232 GRALE 239, 240, 241, 277 grants for education 226, 239–240, 352, 355 Greece adult education 238 early childhood care and education 212 education funding 350 environmental education 301 HIV education 292 human rights education 300 ICT facilities 314 ICT skills 246 literacy 282 primary education 187, 314, 329 pupil/teacher ratio and class size 329 school completion 187 secondary education 187, 238, 314 socio-economic background and perseverance 249 special educational needs 266 teacher education 336 tertiary education 231, 238 women in politics 71 green economy green industries 40–43, 42, 61–62 512 ANNEX | INDEX
ole of education 61, 78, 88, 165 green energy consumer initiatives 31 education for 35, 78, 88 renewable sources 35, 40–41 solar lighting initiatives 29–30 green industries 40–43, 42, 61–62 green revolution 44 Grenada electricity provision 313 global citizenship education 294 HIV education 292 ICT facilities and internet access 313 primary education 313 secondary education 313 Grenadines see Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Grit Scale 248–249 gross domestic product(GDP) see GDP gross enrolment ratio pre-primary education 207, 208 tertiary education 228, 229, 230–231 gross intake rate, survival to final grade 184 Gruma populations, educational attainment 75, 76 Guatemala child health 82 climate change 34 conflict 104, 105 curriculum 107 early childhood care and education 212 education expenditure 347 educational attainment 74, 76, 105, 186 electricity provision 313 environmental education 26 ethnic minorities 76, 102, 105 gender disparity 74, 76 global citizenship education 294, 300 HIV education 292 human rights education 300 indigenous peoples 102, 105 internet access 313 language of instruction 104, 270 literacy 82, 195 mathematics achievement 195 multicultural attitudes 304 national assessments 200 natural disasters 33 out-of-school civic activities 26 political participation 102 primary education 34, 186, 195 psychological bullying in schools 315 reading proficiency 195 rural areas 102 school completion 34, 186 school construction 310 secondary education 34, 186 teaching methods 102, 107 tertiary education 231 violence in schools 315 within country disparity 76, 186, 231 years of education 186 Guinea agriculture 136 computer/pupil ratio 313, 314 discrimination and secondary completion 87 early childhood care and education 213, 213 education expenditure 136, 347 educational attainment 74, 82, 186, 280, 371 electricity provision 312, 313 female genital mutilation 82 gender disparity 74, 74, 75, 87 HIV education 292 ICT facilities 314 internet access 313 literacy 74, 75, 281 literacy programme participation 278 malaria prevalence 371 national education accounts 343 out-of-school children 183 primary education 183, 186, 280, 312, 314 rural areas 74, 75 school completion 87, 186 secondary education 87, 183, 186, 312, 314 tertiary education 228, 231 under-5 mortality rate 370, 371 within country disparity 186, 231 years of education 186 youth literacy 280 Guinea-Bissau child development 219 early childhood care and education 210 home learning environment 215 literacy and numeracy 219 primary education 335 teacher induction 335 within country disparity 210 Guyana child development 219 early childhood care and education 210 education expenditure 136 educational attainment 74, 186 gender disparity 74 home learning environment 215 literacy 195, 196, 219, 281 literacy programme participation 278 numeracy 219 pre-primary education 209 primary education 186, 196, 335 reading proficiency 195, 196 school completion 186 secondary education 186 students abroad 322 teacher induction 335 tertiary education 231 within country disparity 186, 210, 231 years of education 186 H Haiti basic education 138 climate change 34 disaster preparedness 34 education aid 138 educational attainment 74, 81, 186 gender disparity 74, 75 global citizenship education 294 HIV education 292 integrated programmes 140 intimate partner violence 81 late entry into primary education 183 literacy 75, 281 literacy programme participation 278 natural disasters 33, 310 over-age children 183, 184 police training 110–111 primary education 34, 183, 184, 186 rural areas 75 school completion 34, 186 school health programmes 140 secondary education 34, 184, 186 tertiary education 231 underweight children 80 within country disparity 184, 186, 231 years of education 186 ‘handprint’ programme (India) 26 handwashing facilities 308, 309 Harlem Children’s Zone (United States) 125 Haussa populations, educational attainment 75, 76 heads of schools, preparation and training 332, 332 Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children Survey 315 health care aid 137, 138 capacity building for crises 372 community health workers 85, 372 domestic resource mobilization 138 effect of improvement 78, 84–85 integrated approaches 77–80, 82–84, 85, 140, 140, 141 multistakeholder finance partnerships 147 national health accounts for financing 343, 345 need for improved maternity provision 72 role of education 77–80, 87–88 school-based interventions 78–80, 85, 140, 140 see also sanitation; water provision health education 79, 165 HIV/AIDS 79, 85, 87, 291, 292, 297 need for educational campaigns 373 sex education 79, 140 health professionals, global employment 372 Herzegovina see Bosnia and Herzegovina high income countries basic skills for economic growth 49 child mortality rate 83 childhood obesity 79, 80 countries listed 399–400 early childhood education quality 211 ecological footprint 19, 21–22 education aid disbursements 354 education expenditure 136, 136, 234, 234, 239, 346, 346, 349 education outcomes 68, 69 educational attainment 59, 59, 75 employment 49, 53, 53, 59, 59, 81 gender disparity 81, 259, 262 government incapacity for urban planning 129 gross intake rate 184 health interventions 69 household expenditure on education 234, 234 income inequality 53, 81 intimate partner violence 82 literacy 280 literacy monitoring 280 marginalized groups 75 migrants 21, 271 occupation and earnings 59 out-of-school children 259 parental gender attitudes 90 population growth 20, 116 primary completion rate 69, 184 primary education 185, 259, 262 pupil/teacher ratio and class size 328, 329 school completion 184, 185, 185, 259 school meal policies 79 secondary education 182, 182, 183, 184, 185, 185, 259, 262 teacher attrition 339 tertiary education 229, 232, 234 under-5 mortality 69 wealth disparities 259 working poverty 52 High Level Political Forums (HLPF) 2016 and 2019 182, 386–387, 388 high skilled employment definition 50 and educational level 59–60, 59 effect on higher education 41 green industry needs 41, 42, 292 High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development 182 higher education and adolescent birth rate 370, 370 disbursement of aid to scholarships abroad 325, 325 and gender-based violence 81, 82 human rights education 290 and knowledge of justice 110 need to produce innovators 42 scholarships 320–325 see also post-secondary education; technical and vocational education and training (TVET); tertiary education Higher Education for Sustainable Development initiative 27 history teaching, post conflict 107 HIV education 79, 87, 291, 292, 297 see also AIDS epidemic 2016 • GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT 513
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GLOBAL EDUCATION MONITORING REPORT
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This Report is an independent publi
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Foreword The 2016 Global Education
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Acknowledgements This report would
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The Global Education Monitoring Rep
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CHAPTER 6 • Partnerships: enablin
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List of figures, tables, and text b
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Figure 17.2: Most primary schools d
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HIGHLIGHTS Education for people and
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PLACE Urbanization puts strain on e
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Monitoring SDG 4 TARGET 4.1: Primar
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A young boy takes part in a refores
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I INTRODUCTION HIGHLIGHTS Transform
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I of environmental degradation and
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I BOX 0.2 THE SDGS WERE CREATED THR
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I (Box 0.4). These principles state
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I TABLE 0.1: How education is typic
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I The Incheon Declaration affirmed
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I The chapter documents the links b
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Here students in Indonesia learn ab
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1 KEY MESSAGES Living sustainably r
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1 other heat-trapping gases into th
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1 so that even countries with natur
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1 in responding to environmental ch
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1 petition, given more money or tak
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1 to these values are notions such
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1 Ethiopia, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, N
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1 “ If education progress is stal
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1 FIGURE 1.3: Poor children in the
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A man stands in a crop of cassava t
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2 KEY MESSAGES Education has a key
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2 on human welfare. Education helps
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2 BOX 2.1 Green industries demand p
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2 considerations and risk managemen
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2 developing regions (de Janvry and
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2 and supporting good governance (A
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2 FIGURE 2.1: Employment is being p
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2 growth does not necessarily mean
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2 jobs and decent earnings, even in
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2 disproportionately affected, acco
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2 Globally, earnings increase by ap
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2 with tertiary education, while th
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2 In many countries, green growth m
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Selina Akter, second year midwifery
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3 KEY MESSAGES Progress in health,
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3 health, water, sanitation, energy
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3 FIGURE 3.2: Women do more unpaid
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3 called for. Women’s empowerment
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3 FIGURE 3.5: There are large dispa
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3 FIGURE 3.7: Education marginaliza
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3 Tanzania revealed that many docto
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3 FIGURE 3.8: While being underweig
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3 FIGURE 3.10: In most countries, w
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3 2007, to 44 months. By 2007, birt
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3 outcomes in many countries, inclu
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3 that most behaviour changes are n
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3 they were twice as likely to hold
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3 Brazil, Indonesia, Rwanda and Sou
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Children look through a destroyed c
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4 KEY MESSAGES Getting children int
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4 EDUCATION MATTERS IN INCREASING P
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4 One direct form of political part
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4 tertiary education formed the cor
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4 “ 35% of out-of-school children
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4 “ Refugee children and adolesce
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4 has expanded in recent years to b
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4 Lack of knowledge and education s
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Favelas in Rio de Janeiro, which fo
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5 KEY MESSAGES Education must be in
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5 FIGURE 5.1A: We live in an increa
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5 adequate knowledge of the local l
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5 it in urban economies is importan
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5 “ Education gaps are often wide
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5 In the United States, the 1954 Su
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5 BOX 5.5 Better urban planning can
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5 FIGURE 5.4A: In Medellín, Colomb
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5 130 CHAPTER 5 | PLACE: INCLUSIVE
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CHAPTER 6 Partnerships: enabling co
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6 Finance..........................
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6 strategic aid, non-traditional pa
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6 Even with substantial increases i
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6 FIGURE 6.4: Inequities in aid to
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6 instructive examples of national
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6 vertical integration is often con
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6 projects had satisfactory outcome
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6 funds; mobilized civil society an
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CHAPTER 7 Projections: forecasting
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7 Projecting global educational att
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7 TABLE 7.2: Projected attainment r
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7 TABLE 7.3: Percentage of countrie
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7 FIGURE 7.4: Universal upper secon
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CHAPTER 8 Education and sustainable
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8 Policy recommendations...........
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8 Evidence gathered for this report
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8 PROSPERITY In order to reduce pov
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8 PARTNERSHIPS In order to ensure a
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CHAPTER 9 The challenges of monitor
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9 Reaching consensus on the post-20
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9 skills in information and communi
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9 The Incheon Declaration requested
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9 offer policy-makers sufficient in
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10 CHAPTER 10 Sustainable Developme
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10 FIGURE 10.1: More than 4 in 10 c
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10 TABLE 10.2: Countries with the l
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10 TABLE 10.3: Completion rates by
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10 FIGURE 10.6: In almost one-quart
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10 SYSTEMS LEARNERS SCHOOL AND CLAS
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10 PROCESSES: CLASSROOM OBSERVATION
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10 and classroom climate to policy-
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10 FIGURE 10.9: In Latin America, a
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10 BOX 10.3 A new module on learnin
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10 assessment between 2007 and 2013
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10 The second issue is that resourc
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10 was administered For global moni
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11 “ In 2014, 44% of children wer
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11 ratio was 44%, while the percent
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11 Because of the range and diversi
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11 30 country reports in 3 areas, n
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11 BOX 11.1 Defining positive and s
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11 At the start of the process to d
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11 FIGURE 11.5: About three-quarter
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12 A typology of TVET recognizes th
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12 are operated by the General Depa
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12 Within its Systems Approach for
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12 Administrative sources provide e
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12 FIGURE 12.6: There are vast diff
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12 But data in this area are still
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12 University rankings Ever since f
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12 for participation is job related
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12 while in Latvia it declined unti
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12 Since the 1990s, Mozambique has
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13 in the social and political life
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13 by a large task. The four themes
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13 found that workers who scored be
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13 A Standard & Poor’s module wit
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13 CONCLUSION This chapter has revi
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14 INEQUALITY MEASURES Measuring in
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14 index equal to 0.86, and at the
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14 The parity index must be interpr
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14 BOX 14.2 The Inter-Agency Group
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14 for at least one of five reasons
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14 behaviour, play, development of
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14 trained in the bilingual curricu
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14 MIGRATION AND FORCED DISPLACEMEN
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14 There are important, sometimes i
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15 Literacy is a basic cognitive sk
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15 BOX 15.1 Measuring participation
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15 FIGURE 15.3: In many countries,
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15 The assessment would need to hav
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15 may reduce the assessment’s va
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16 examines several initiatives tha
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16 COMPREHENSIVE SEXUALITY EDUCATIO
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16 ‘global thinking’, and half
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16 “ Close to 50% of secondary sc
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16 rights training in pre-service t
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16 community, including activities
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16 PISA included questions designed
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16 global population issues, which
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16 ENDNOTES 1. The third phase, 201
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17 “ In the least developed count
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17 entering and moving through the
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17 FIGURE 17.3: Electricity access
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17 it is the more common and often
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17 Violence and attacks against civ
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18 funds a programme managed by the
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18 Around 22,500 scholarships were
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18 About 70% of aid to higher educa
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19 FIGURE 19.1: The pupil/teacher r
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19 The coverage of both indicators
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19 educators were rarely experts in
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19 The survey also asked lower seco
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19 BOX 19.3 Upgrading ‘parents’
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19 As information on occupations is
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20 CHAPTER 20 20 Finance (selected
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20 Faced with similar challenges, t
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20 TABLE 20.1: Selected education f
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20 suggests the lower limit of the
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20 FIGURE 20.5: Information on even
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20 new module on equity and inclusi
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20 “ There is a 42% financing gap
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20 countries is that estimates excl
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20 middle income countries suggests
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21 CHAPTER 21 Education systems (se
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21 DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS FOR MONITORING
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21 While SABER has extended the evi
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21 LOOKING AHEAD In essence, polici
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22 CHAPTER 22 Education in the othe
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22 governments. It measures the num
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22 b. Under-5 mortality rate (death
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22 LIFELONG LEARNING AS A FACTOR CO
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23 CHAPTER 23 Priorities for monito
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23 facilitate well-informed and mea
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23 government and non-government sc
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23 not the main concern. Countries
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23 In light of the expanded scope o
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CHAPTER 24 Epilogue 385
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24 “ When the High-Level Politica
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24 ‘robust, voluntary, effective,
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Annex Statistical Tables Introducti
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5 Statistical tables 1 INTRODUCTION
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5 UIS encourages countries to make
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5 SDG 4 targets and related indicat
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5 Switzerland, The former Yugoslav
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TABLE 1 Background demographic stat
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TABLE 1 Part 1 (Continued) DEMOGRAP
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 1 Backgr
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 1 Part 2
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 2 SDG 4,
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 4 (Conti
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 10 SDG 4
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 10 (Cont
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 11 SDG 4
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STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 11 (Cont
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Page 491 and 492: STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 13 Part
Page 495 and 496: STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 13 Part
Page 497 and 498: STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 14 Domes
Page 499 and 500: STATISTICAL TABLES 1 TABLE 14 (Cont
Page 501 and 502: 477
Page 503 and 504: 5 Aid tables INTRODUCTION 1 The dat
Page 505 and 506: TABLE 1 Bilateral and multilateral
Page 507 and 508: DIRECT AID TO POST-SECONDARY EDUCAT
Page 509 and 510: DIRECT AID TO SECONDARY EDUCATION D
Page 515 and 516: TABLE 4 ODA recipients (Continued)
Page 517 and 518: Glossary Adjusted net enrolment rat
Page 519 and 520: Net attendance rate (NAR). Number o
Page 521 and 522: Abbreviations AAPS AES AHELO AIDS A
Page 523 and 524: ILO IMF INES ISCED ISSA LAMP LEARNi
Page 525 and 526: Index This index covers the Introdu
Page 527 and 528: home learning environment 215 ICT f
Page 529 and 530: HIV education 292 NGOs 211 out-of-s
Page 531 and 532: see also traditional knowledge Cura
Page 533 and 534: education Education 2030 Framework
Page 535: Fiji TVET enrolment 223 violence in
Page 539 and 540: educational attainment 75, 76, 105
Page 541 and 542: working poverty 57, 61 years of edu
Page 543 and 544: M Macao, China environmental educat
Page 545 and 546: perseverance 249 tertiary education
Page 547 and 548: primary education 314 secondary edu
Page 549 and 550: tertiary education 228, 229, 230, 2
Page 551 and 552: women in politics 99 years of educa
Page 553 and 554: small island developing States stud
Page 555 and 556: perseverance 249 special educationa
Page 557 and 558: within country disparity 186, 231 w
Page 559 and 560: attitudes to business 253 benefits
Page 561 and 562: Introduction Carson, R. 1962. Silen
Page 563 and 564: Das, P. K. 2010. Climate Change and
Page 565 and 566: Reyhner, J. and Eder, J. 2015. Amer
Page 567 and 568: Aghion, P., Veugelers, R. and Serre
Page 569 and 570: Hanushek, E. A., Schwerdt, G., Wied
Page 571 and 572: Pritchett, L. 2006. Does learning t
Page 573 and 574: Bhurosy, T. and Jeewon, R. 2014. Ov
Page 575 and 576: Gunewardena, D. 2015. Why aren’t
Page 577 and 578: McBride, D. E. and Parry, J. A. 201
Page 579 and 580: United Cities and Local Governments
Page 581 and 582: Campbell, D. E. 2008. Voice in the
Page 583 and 584: Mendenhall, M. and Chopra, N. 2016.
Page 585 and 586: Allen, H. 2013. Africa’s First Fu
Page 587 and 588:
Hanson, D. 2013. Assessing the Harl
Page 589 and 590:
Sirin, S. R. and Rogers-Sirin, L. 2
Page 591 and 592:
Fehling, M., Nelson, B. D. and Venk
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Prichard, W. 2010. Taxation and Sta
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Lager, A. C. J. and Torssander, J.
Page 597 and 598:
Bennell, P. and Akyeampong, K. 2007
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Crouch, L. 2015. Stumbling at the f
Page 601 and 602:
Facione, P. A. 1990. Critical Think
Page 603 and 604:
Hardin, B. J., Vardell, R. and de C
Page 605 and 606:
Inter-Agency Working Group on TVET
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Marfo, K. 2011. Envisioning an Afri
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___. 2009b. INES Network for the Co
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Pew Research Center. 2015. Internet
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South Africa Government. 2013. Regu
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UNDP. 2004. Human Development Repor
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UNICEF and WHO. 2015. Progress on S
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Wortham, S. C. 2013. Common Charact
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