The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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Aseries of 2 unmanned and 10 manned NASA missions conducted between April 1964 and November 1966. Gemini, with its two-seater capsule, 5.8 m Gemini long, 3 m in diameter, and weighing 3,800 kg, built on the success of the Mercury project and paved the way for the Apollo program. Equipped with the Orbital Gemini capsule Astronauts James McDivitt and Ed White inside the Gemini spacecraft for a simulated launch at Cape Canaveral. NASA 151
152 Attitude Maneuvering System (OAMS) to create a controlled orbital and reentry path, the Gemini craft were the first fully maneuverable American manned spacecraft. The first two Gemini missions were unmanned. Gemini 1 was to check compatibility between the Gemini spacecraft and the Titan II launch vehicle, and no attempt was made to separate the two during their brief flight. Gemini 2 was a suborbital test of the Gemini reentry system. There then followed 10 successful manned missions. 269 (See table, “Gemini Missions.”) Gemini 3 Crew Command pilot: Virgil Grissom Pilot: John Young Highlight: first American two-manned spaceflight The first manned Gemini and the first American space mission with two astronauts aboard. During the flight, Gemini 3’s orbit was varied using thrusters to rehearse techniques needed for upcoming rendezvous and docking missions. The capsule was unofficially dubbed “Molly Brown” after a survivor of the Titanic and in reference to the fact that Grissom’s Mercury capsule sank and was lost following his first spaceflight. Illicit cargo included a corned beef sandwich reportedly from Wolfie’s Restaurant in Cocoa Beach, which was bought by Grissom, carried aboard by Young, and partly consumed by Grissom during the flight. Young was authorized to eat specially prepared food, and Grissom was supposed to have gone without. The possibility that weightless crumbs from the sandwich might have compromised safety led NASA managers to clamp down on what future astronauts could take into space. Although one of the goals of the program was to achieve pinpoint recoveries, Gemini 3 splashed down about 95 km short of its primary recovery vessel (a result of Molly Brown having less lift than wind tunnel tests had predicted). Unlike the Mercury capsules, which came down upright, the Gemini capsules were designed to splash down on their sides. In the event, the force of the impact hurled the astronauts against their respective windows, causing the faceplate in Grissom’s helmet to crack and that of Young’s to be scarred. Gemini 4 Gemini Missions Crew Command pilot: James McDivitt Pilot: Edward White II Highlight: first American spacewalk Considered the first long-duration American spaceflight, this was also the first mission to be directed from Mission Control at the Johnson Space Center instead of the Mission Control Center at Cape Mission Launch Recovery Duration Orbits Crew Gemini 1 Apr. 8, 1964 — — — Unmanned Gemini 2 Jan. 19, 1965 — — — Unmanned Gemini 3 Mar. 23, 1965 Mar. 23, 1965 4 hr 53 min 3 Grissom, Young Gemini 4 Jun. 3, 1965 Jun. 7, 1965 4 days 2 hr 62 McDivitt, White Gemini 5 Aug. 21, 1965 Aug. 29, 1965 8 days 120 Conrad, Cooper Gemini 7 Dec. 4, 1965 Dec. 18, 1965 13 days 19 hr 206 Borman, Lovell Gemini 6A Dec. 15, 1965 Dec. 16, 1965 1 day 1 hr 52 min 16 Schirra, Stafford Gemini 8 Mar. 16, 1966 Mar. 16, 1966 10 hr 41 min 7 Armstrong, Scott Gemini 9A Jun. 3, 1966 Jun. 6, 1966 3 days 0 hr 21 min 44 Cernan, Stafford Gemini 10 Jul. 18, 1966 Jul. 21, 1966 2 days 22 hr 46 min 43 Collins, Young Gemini 11 Sep. 12, 1966 Sep. 15, 1966 2 days 23 hr 17 min 44 Conrad, Gordon Gemini 12 Nov. 11, 1966 Nov. 15, 1966 3 days 23 hr 59 Aldrin, Lovell
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The Complete Book of Spaceflight Fr
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Contents Acknowledgments v Introduc
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It is astonishing to think that the
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4 How to Use This Book Energy 1 jou
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6 Able passage through a dusty medi
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8 additive additive A substance add
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10 aerobraking was one of two rocke
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12 aerospace medicine aerospace med
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14 AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sound
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16 ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Sa
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18 ammonium perchlorate (NH 4ClO 4)
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20 aniline (C 6H 5NH 2) aniline (C
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22 antiparticle efficient space pro
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24 whose main task was guidance and
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26 LUNAR MODULE FACTS Height: 6.7 m
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28 intended as simply an Earth-orbi
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30 lunar environment. Conrad inadve
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32 CSM; it transmitted data back to
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34 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)
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36 Ariane orbit on the 11th launch
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38 Ariel Ariel A series of six Brit
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40 Artemis Project ESA devised a fo
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42 asteroid missions asteroid missi
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44 America’s first intercontinent
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46 atmosphere first time in the Atl
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48 Avdeyev, Sergei Avdeyev, Sergei
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50 ballistic missile ballistic miss
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52 Belyayev, Pavel Ivanovich with t
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54 biopak their companions who had
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56 Black Brant in June 1969, a seco
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58 boat-tail deliver a two-ton nucl
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60 boost magazine series on spacefl
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62 BS- (Broadcasting Satellite) to
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64 Buran Program was inaugurated wi
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66 canted nozzle astronaut John You
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68 carrier and as CAPCOM (Capsule C
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70 cast propellant decelerate. Then
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72 Cernan, Eugene Andrew broken bit
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Challenger disaster Following the e
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76 chemical fuel Chelomei turned hi
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78 circular velocity circular veloc
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80 Cluster Cluster An ESA (European
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82 Colombo, Giuseppe “Bepi” Col
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84 Aspacecraft in Earth orbit that
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86 companion body companion body A
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88 Copernicus Observatory longest M
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90 cosmic rays was the responsibili
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92 Crocco, Gaetano Arturo crawler-t
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94 Cunningham, R. Walter cryobot An
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Daedalus, Project One of the first
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98 Dawn preceded, in 2006, by SMART
Page 103 and 104: 100 Deep Space Network (DSN) Deep S
Page 105 and 106: 102 Afamily of launch vehicles deri
Page 107 and 108: 104 (GEMs) for improved performance
Page 109 and 110: 106 de-orbit burn de-orbit burn (co
Page 111 and 112: 108 Dnepr Force base by a Thor Burn
Page 113 and 114: 110 downlink Douglas Skyrocket The
Page 115 and 116: 112 Durant Frederick Clark, III (19
Page 117 and 118: Early Bird (communications satellit
Page 119 and 120: 116 Edwards Air Force Base Echo A t
Page 121 and 122: 118 Einstein Observatory other idea
Page 123 and 124: 120 electrostatic propulsion electr
Page 125 and 126: 122 energy density accelerate an ob
Page 127 and 128: 124 Eole Envisat Envisat being prep
Page 129 and 130: 126 escape energy Organisation). ES
Page 131 and 132: 128 ETS (Engineering Test Satellite
Page 133 and 134: 130 Evans, Ronald E. used to study
Page 135 and 136: 132 Explorer Launch Explorer Spacec
Page 137 and 138: 134 explosive bolt explosive bolt A
Page 139 and 140: 136 FAIR (Filled-Aperture Infrared
Page 141 and 142: 138 fission, nuclear fission, nucle
Page 143 and 144: 140 flux it also supported AFSATCOM
Page 145 and 146: 142 frequency coordination held) re
Page 147 and 148: 144 FTL (Project Vela) and then as
Page 149 and 150: 146 GAIA (Global Astrometric Interf
Page 151 and 152: 148 gamma rays instruments and the
Page 153: 150 GEC (Global Electrodynamics Con
Page 157 and 158: 154 down relative to the target bec
Page 159 and 160: 156 Gemini 9/“Angry Alligator”
Page 161 and 162: 158 Genesis launch failed and the v
Page 163 and 164: 160 Geotail Geotail A joint ISAS (J
Page 165 and 166: 162 Glavcosmos John Glenn Glenn don
Page 167 and 168: 164 Glennan, T(homas) Keith istrato
Page 169 and 170: 166 Robert Hutchings Goddard (1882-
Page 171 and 172: 168 Gonets Gonets A Russian messagi
Page 173 and 174: 170 gravitational constant (G) Adva
Page 175 and 176: 172 Griffith, George shot out of a
Page 177 and 178: 174 guidance, midcourse guidance, m
Page 179 and 180: H series (Japanese launch vehicles)
Page 181 and 182: 178 Hale, William Edward Hale The B
Page 183 and 184: 180 Haruka flight. By the end of 19
Page 185 and 186: 182 Helios (reconnaissance satellit
Page 187 and 188: 184 high mass fraction two Soft X-r
Page 189 and 190: 186 HOPE (H-2 Orbital Plane) instru
Page 191 and 192: 188 human factors NGST (Next Genera
Page 193 and 194: 190 hypoxia hypoxia Oxygen deficien
Page 195 and 196: 192 IDCSP (Initial Defense Communic
Page 197 and 198: 194 inertia inertia The property of
Page 199 and 200: 196 Intelsat (International Telecom
Page 201 and 202: 198 Intercosmos Intercosmos Interna
Page 203 and 204: 200 International Space Station An
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202 The ISS Takes Shape The STS-88
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204 interplanetary magnetic field C
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206 interstellar space problem by h
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208 IRBM (Intermediate Range Ballis
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210 ISAS (Institute of Space and As
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212 IUE (International Ultraviolet
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214 JAS (Japanese Amateur Satellite
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216 Joule Joule An X-ray observator
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218 Jupiter A floodlit Jupiter C is
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220 Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Kenn
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222 Kiwi which he broke the sound b
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224 Kourou In the end, Korolev was
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226 Kummersdorf astronomer Gerard P
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L series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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230 Lagrangian orbit carries an arr
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232 laser propulsion Houston. Langl
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234 Lebedev, Valentin V. LDEF Havin
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236 leveled thrust program in space
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238 LiPS (Living Plume Shield) LiPS
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240 Aseries of Chinese launch vehic
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242 Lovell, James Arthur, Jr. Lovel
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244 Aseries of Soviet Moon probes,
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246 On January 15, 1973, Luna 21 to
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248 Lunar Prospector Lunar Prospect
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M series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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252 MACSAT (Multiple Access Communi
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254 Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS)
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256 MAP (Microwave Anisotropy Probe
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258 at risk to themselves, started
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260 An early series of Soviet space
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262 Mars Express Mars Express (cont
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264 Mars Pathfinder (MPF) help dete
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266 Martin Marietta United States.
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268 Maul, Alfred MASTIF The MASTIF
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270 MECO (main engine cutoff) recor
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272 the suborbital journey and safe
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274 a drugstore. Glenn also had the
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276 Mercury-Atlas pilots to take th
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278 meteor deflection screen indica
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280 Milstar (Military Strategic and
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282 Alarge and long-lived Russian s
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284 modulation modulation The proce
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286 Mu long-wave infrared. It also
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288 Musudan together. Two of the co
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290 The Soviet counterpart to the S
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292 NASA Institute for Advanced Con
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294 NEAR-Shoemaker (Near-Earth Aste
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296 Newell, Homer E. Newell, Homer
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298 Nova (rocket) Eight of the spac
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300 nuclear propulsion propulsion)
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302 occultation Hermann Oberth Ober
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304 OKB-1 OKB-1 The classified Sovi
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306 ONERA (Office National d’Étu
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308 Orion, Project first century, t
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310 thin surface layer. So brief wa
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312 Osumi OSO (Orbiting Solar Obser
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314 Palapa Paine, Thomas O. Thomas
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316 parking orbit rifled barrel wit
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318 Pegasus (spacecraft) Pegasus (l
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320 Pickering, William Hayward Pick
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322 Early Pioneers Pioneer 3 being
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324 Planet Imager (PI) Planet Image
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326 POES (Polar Operational Environ
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328 pressure suit pressure suit See
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330 Project Daedalus throughout the
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332 PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Ve
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“R” series of Russian missiles
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336 radiation protection in space s
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338 radiometer such as plutonium-23
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340 ranging ranging Techniques for
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342 reentry vehicle materials and t
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344 remaining mass remaining mass T
Page 349 and 350:
346 Rhyolite Rhyolite A series of U
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348 rocket sled rocket sled A sled
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350 Rosetta Rosetta ESA (European S
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352 Rudolph, Arthur L. Rudolph, Art
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354 Soviet Launches Related to Mann
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Sagan, Carl Edward (1934-1996) A pr
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358 An early series of Soviet space
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360 Sander, Friedrich Wilhelm had b
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362 satellite constellation satelli
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364 A 6.5-m ring fixed to the top o
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366 Schirra, Walter (“Wally”) M
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368 Schweikart, Russell (“Rusty
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370 Seamans, Robert C., Jr. vehicle
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372 SERT (Space Electric Rocket Tes
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374 Shah-Nama by the Space Shuttle
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376 SIM (Space Interferometry Missi
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378 An experimental American space
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380 by the Skylab 2 crew. Two furth
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382 SMEX (Small Explorer) Space Fli
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384 Sojourner case,anellipticalorbi
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386 sonic speed sonic speed The spe
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388 Soyuz spacecraft ESA astronaut
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390 space drive propellants and str
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392 space motion sickness (SMS) the
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394 space sail space sail A device
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396 The core vehicle in NASA’s sp
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398 1986, it was decided to build a
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400 Orbiter Jerry Ross, anchored to
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402 Space Studies Board space stati
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404 Spacehab activities for the dis
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406 An airtight fabric suit with fl
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408 spacewalk package. Next, the as
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410 speed of sound speed of sound T
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412 Squanto Terror Sputnik 2 The se
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414 stage pilot for Gemini 3 and pi
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416 John Paul Stapp (1910-1999) An
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418 Starlight Starlight A NASA miss
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420 Stewart Committee Stennis Space
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422 stratosphere stratosphere The l
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424 surveillance satellites milliwa
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426 sweat cooling Launch Date: Dece
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tachyon A hypothetical particle tha
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430 Tenma Telstar Telstar 1, the fi
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432 terrestrial satellite Terrestri
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434 Thor similar to those on the At
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436 thrust chamber At first glance,
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438 Tipu Sultan “Ralph” and “
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440 Alarge intercontinental ballist
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442 Titov, Gherman Stepanovich Tito
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444 TOS (TIROS Operational System)
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446 troposphere TRMM (Tropical Rain
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448 Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolko
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450 Tucker, George three-stage vehi
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UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Sat
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454 umbilical connections for measu
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“V” weapons See article, pages
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458 “V” weapons A captured V-2
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460 Vanguard fired from here in Dec
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462 Vega 1 and 2 seven operational
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464 velocity Vehicle Assembly Build
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466 Viking (launch vehicle) Chronol
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468 as data relays for more than an
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470 visible light visible light Ele
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472 Von Kármán, Theodore liquid-f
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474 The first series of manned Russ
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476 Two identical spacecraft sent t
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WAC Corporal A small liquid-propell
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480 weight these findings to variou
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482 White Sands Missile Range Edwar
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484 wind tunnel orbit, Wind provide
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486 Ahypothetical “tunnel” conn
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X planes U.S. experimental aircraft
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490 X-33 configuration and renamed
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Yangel, Mikhail K. (1911-1971) One
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Zarya See International Space Stati
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496 Aseries of Soviet probes (“zo
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Boldfaced terms indicate entry head
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500 Acronyms and Abbreviations GEO
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502 Acronyms and Abbreviations POES
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1. Abbot, Alison. “Rubbia propose
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506 References 70. “Cyrano de Ber
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508 References 148. Harrison, Alber
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510 References 223. O’Neill, G. K
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512 References 300. Verne, Jules. A
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514 Web Sites British Interplanetar
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516 Web Sites ICO http://www.ico.co
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518 Web Sites Seawinds http://eosps
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Advanced propulsion systems and rel
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illicit cargo ingress Lunar Landing
Page 527 and 528:
Gonets Gorizont ICO IDCSP (Initial
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launch pad launch support and hold-
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Microgravity and technology experim
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special theory of relativity specif
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Rocket science and technology after
Page 537 and 538:
LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facili
Page 539:
hydrobot microsat minisat nanosat n
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The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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