The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

Moon, and in June 1971 resumed duties in the Astronaut
Office. He retired from NASA and the U.S. Navy in
August 1974 with the rank of rear admiral, to become
chairman of the Marathon Construction Company of
Houston, Texas. 39, 258 Until his death he served on the
boards of several companies and was president of Seven
Fourteen Enterprises Inc. (named for his two flights, Freedom
7and Apollo 14), an umbrella company for several
business concerns. He was also president emeritus of the
Astronaut Scholarship Foundation, which raises scholarship
money for science and engineering students. Shepard
received a B.S. from the Naval Academy in 1944.
After graduation, he served aboard the destroyer Cogswell
in the Pacific and later entered flight training, receiving
his wings in 1947. In 1950, he attended the Navy Test
Pilot School at Patuxent, became a test pilot there, was
assigned to a night fighter unit at Moffett Field, and then
returned to Patuxent as a test pilot and an instructor. He
later attended the Naval War College at Newport, Rhode
Island and after graduation was assigned to the staff of
the commander in chief, Atlantic Fleet, as aircraft readi-
41, 270
ness officer.
Alan Shepard Shepard sealed inside the Mercury capsule
undergoing a flight simulation test. NASA
Silverstein, Abe 375
Shesta, John
An American rocket engineer who designed the Viking
rocket propulsion system. An early member of the American
Rocket Society, Shesta was one of the founders of
Reaction Motors, a company responsible for building
many of the engines used in American space launch vehicles
and missiles. As Milton Rosen wrote in The Viking
Rocket Story:“Shesta was a conservative designer; he made
the [Viking rocket] chamber overly large to ensure complete
combustion and he chose an injector ...that, while
not the best known, was reasonably sure to work.”
Shinsei
Japan’s first scientific satellite. Shinsei (“new star”),
launched by ISAS, carried out observations of highfrequency
radio emissions from the sun, cosmic rays, and
ionospheric plasma.
Launch
Date: September 28, 1971
Vehicle: M-4S
Site: Kagoshima
Orbit: 870 × 1,870 km × 32°
Mass: 66 kg
shirtsleeve environment
An environment not requiring that a pressure suit be
worn.
Shtil
A Soviet ballistic missile that, in 1998, carried the first
submarine-launched satellites, the 8-kg Tubsat-N and
the 3-kg Tubsat-N1, into low Earth orbit. A three-stage,
liquid-fueled missile, the Shtil 1 uses its warhead fairing
to hold the spacecraft. The Shtil 2 has a larger separating
fairing that can hold bigger payloads.
shutdown
See cutoff.
SIGINT (signals intelligence) satellites
Reconnaissance (spy) satellites that intercept communications,
radar, and other forms of electromagnetic
transmissions. ELINT (electronic intelligence) and
COMINT (communications intelligence) satellites are
sub-categories. (See table, “Chronology of American
SIGINT Satellites,” on page 376.)
Silverstein, Abe (1908–2001)
A leading figure in twentieth-century aerospace engineering
and director of the Lewis Research Center (now
the Glenn Research Center) from 1961 to 1969. Silver-