The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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Hunsaker, Jerome C. (1886–1984) A senior aeronautical engineer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was heavily involved in the development of the science of flight in America for the first three-quarters of the twentieth century. 181 Huygens probe See Cassini. hybrid motor A rocket motor that burns a combination of propellants of different composition and characteristics, such as a liquid oxidizer and a solid fuel, to produce propulsive force. hybrid propellant rocket engine An engine that combines some of the advantages of both liquid- and solid-fueled rocket engines. The basic design of a hybrid consists of a combustion chamber tube, similar to that of ordinary solid-propellant rockets, packed with a solid chemical, usually the fuel. Above this tube is a tank containing a complementary reactive liquid chemical, usually the oxidizer. The two chemicals are hypergolic (selfigniting), and when the liquid chemical is injected into the combustion chamber containing the solid chemical, ignition occurs and thrust is produced. The engine can be throttled by varying the rate of liquid injected, and stopped and started by cutting off the liquid flow and later restarting it. Other advantages of hybrid engines are that they provide higher energy than standard-solid propellant rockets, can be stored for long periods like solid-propellant rockets, and contain less than half the complex machinery, such as pumps and plumbing, of standard liquidpropellant engines. They are also less sensitive to damage to the solid fuel component than are standard solidpropellant systems. A disadvantage is that they generate less energy per kilogram of propellant than liquidpropellant engines and are more complex than standard solid-fueled engines. Although hybrid propellant rocket engines are still under development, versions with more than 100,000 kg of thrust have been demonstrated. hydrazine (N 2H 4) A liquid rocket fuel used both as a monopropellant, especially in attitude control thrusters, and a bipropellant. It is ignited by passing it over a heated catalyst (alumina pellets impregnated with iridium) that decomposes the fuel and produces ammonia, nitrogen, and hydrogen exhaust gases. See MMH and UDMH. hydrobot A remote-controlled submarine of the type expected to be deployed eventually on Jupiter’s moon Europa, which hypervelocity gun 189 is thought to have a subterranean sea. Hydrobots will be released into the subsurface liquid ocean that may exist on this world and will image their surroundings, take a variety of measurements of the physical and chemical environment, and search for possible forms of life. hydrogen (H) The lightest chemical element; a flammable, colorless, tasteless, odorless gas in its uncombined state. Liquid hydrogen is used as a rocket fuel. hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) An oxidizer that was used in some early liquid-propellant rocket engines, including those of the German Messerschmitt 163 aircraft and the British Black Knight missile. Hydrogen peroxide has not been used subsequently because it is dangerous to handle and easily decomposes, making it difficult to store. hyperbola A curve formed by the intersection of a cone with a plane that cuts both branches of the cone (see conic sections). Everywhere on a given hyperbola the difference between two fixed points, known as the foci, remains constant. hyperbolic orbit An open orbit in the shape of a hyperbola. A hyperbolic orbit is followed, for example, by a spacecraft making a flyby of a planet and, in general, is followed by any object that escapes from the gravitational field of a larger body. hyperbolic velocity A velocity that exceeds the escape velocity of a planet, star, or other massive body. It allows an object, such as a spacecraft, to break free of the gravitational attraction of the larger body by following an open, hyperbolic orbit. hypergolic fuel A rocket fuel that ignites spontaneously upon contact with an oxidizer, thereby eliminating the need for an ignition system. hypersonic Descriptive of something that travels at speeds greater than Mach 5 (five times the ambient speed of sound). hypervelocity gun Test equipment for accelerating particles to the velocity range of meteoroids in space. The equipment is used in investigations of meteoroid damage to spacecraft and methods of meteoroid protection.
190 hypoxia hypoxia Oxygen deficiency in blood cells or tissues in such a degree as to cause psychological and physiological disturbances. Hypoxia may result from a scarcity of oxygen in the air being breathed or from the inability of the body’s tissues to absorb oxygen under conditions of low barometric pressure. It produces a variety of reactions in the body, from mild intoxication and stimulation of the nervous system to progressive loss of attention and judgment, unconsciousness, and eventual brain damage. The continuing physiological requirement for oxygen is a critical consideration in high-altitude flight and in spaceflight.
Page 1 and 2:
The Complete Book of Spaceflight Fr
Page 3 and 4:
Contents Acknowledgments v Introduc
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It is astonishing to think that the
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4 How to Use This Book Energy 1 jou
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6 Able passage through a dusty medi
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8 additive additive A substance add
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10 aerobraking was one of two rocke
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12 aerospace medicine aerospace med
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14 AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sound
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16 ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Sa
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18 ammonium perchlorate (NH 4ClO 4)
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20 aniline (C 6H 5NH 2) aniline (C
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22 antiparticle efficient space pro
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24 whose main task was guidance and
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26 LUNAR MODULE FACTS Height: 6.7 m
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28 intended as simply an Earth-orbi
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30 lunar environment. Conrad inadve
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32 CSM; it transmitted data back to
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34 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)
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36 Ariane orbit on the 11th launch
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38 Ariel Ariel A series of six Brit
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40 Artemis Project ESA devised a fo
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42 asteroid missions asteroid missi
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44 America’s first intercontinent
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46 atmosphere first time in the Atl
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48 Avdeyev, Sergei Avdeyev, Sergei
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50 ballistic missile ballistic miss
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52 Belyayev, Pavel Ivanovich with t
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54 biopak their companions who had
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56 Black Brant in June 1969, a seco
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58 boat-tail deliver a two-ton nucl
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60 boost magazine series on spacefl
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62 BS- (Broadcasting Satellite) to
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64 Buran Program was inaugurated wi
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66 canted nozzle astronaut John You
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68 carrier and as CAPCOM (Capsule C
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70 cast propellant decelerate. Then
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72 Cernan, Eugene Andrew broken bit
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Challenger disaster Following the e
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76 chemical fuel Chelomei turned hi
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78 circular velocity circular veloc
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80 Cluster Cluster An ESA (European
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82 Colombo, Giuseppe “Bepi” Col
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84 Aspacecraft in Earth orbit that
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86 companion body companion body A
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88 Copernicus Observatory longest M
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90 cosmic rays was the responsibili
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92 Crocco, Gaetano Arturo crawler-t
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94 Cunningham, R. Walter cryobot An
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Daedalus, Project One of the first
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98 Dawn preceded, in 2006, by SMART
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100 Deep Space Network (DSN) Deep S
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102 Afamily of launch vehicles deri
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104 (GEMs) for improved performance
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106 de-orbit burn de-orbit burn (co
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108 Dnepr Force base by a Thor Burn
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110 downlink Douglas Skyrocket The
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112 Durant Frederick Clark, III (19
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Early Bird (communications satellit
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116 Edwards Air Force Base Echo A t
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118 Einstein Observatory other idea
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120 electrostatic propulsion electr
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122 energy density accelerate an ob
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124 Eole Envisat Envisat being prep
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126 escape energy Organisation). ES
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128 ETS (Engineering Test Satellite
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130 Evans, Ronald E. used to study
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132 Explorer Launch Explorer Spacec
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134 explosive bolt explosive bolt A
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136 FAIR (Filled-Aperture Infrared
Page 141 and 142: 138 fission, nuclear fission, nucle
Page 143 and 144: 140 flux it also supported AFSATCOM
Page 145 and 146: 142 frequency coordination held) re
Page 147 and 148: 144 FTL (Project Vela) and then as
Page 149 and 150: 146 GAIA (Global Astrometric Interf
Page 151 and 152: 148 gamma rays instruments and the
Page 153 and 154: 150 GEC (Global Electrodynamics Con
Page 155 and 156: 152 Attitude Maneuvering System (OA
Page 157 and 158: 154 down relative to the target bec
Page 159 and 160: 156 Gemini 9/“Angry Alligator”
Page 161 and 162: 158 Genesis launch failed and the v
Page 163 and 164: 160 Geotail Geotail A joint ISAS (J
Page 165 and 166: 162 Glavcosmos John Glenn Glenn don
Page 167 and 168: 164 Glennan, T(homas) Keith istrato
Page 169 and 170: 166 Robert Hutchings Goddard (1882-
Page 171 and 172: 168 Gonets Gonets A Russian messagi
Page 173 and 174: 170 gravitational constant (G) Adva
Page 175 and 176: 172 Griffith, George shot out of a
Page 177 and 178: 174 guidance, midcourse guidance, m
Page 179 and 180: H series (Japanese launch vehicles)
Page 181 and 182: 178 Hale, William Edward Hale The B
Page 183 and 184: 180 Haruka flight. By the end of 19
Page 185 and 186: 182 Helios (reconnaissance satellit
Page 187 and 188: 184 high mass fraction two Soft X-r
Page 189 and 190: 186 HOPE (H-2 Orbital Plane) instru
Page 191: 188 human factors NGST (Next Genera
Page 195 and 196: 192 IDCSP (Initial Defense Communic
Page 197 and 198: 194 inertia inertia The property of
Page 199 and 200: 196 Intelsat (International Telecom
Page 201 and 202: 198 Intercosmos Intercosmos Interna
Page 203 and 204: 200 International Space Station An
Page 205 and 206: 202 The ISS Takes Shape The STS-88
Page 207 and 208: 204 interplanetary magnetic field C
Page 209 and 210: 206 interstellar space problem by h
Page 211 and 212: 208 IRBM (Intermediate Range Ballis
Page 213 and 214: 210 ISAS (Institute of Space and As
Page 215 and 216: 212 IUE (International Ultraviolet
Page 217 and 218: 214 JAS (Japanese Amateur Satellite
Page 219 and 220: 216 Joule Joule An X-ray observator
Page 221 and 222: 218 Jupiter A floodlit Jupiter C is
Page 223 and 224: 220 Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Kenn
Page 225 and 226: 222 Kiwi which he broke the sound b
Page 227 and 228: 224 Kourou In the end, Korolev was
Page 229 and 230: 226 Kummersdorf astronomer Gerard P
Page 231 and 232: L series (Japanese launch vehicles)
Page 233 and 234: 230 Lagrangian orbit carries an arr
Page 235 and 236: 232 laser propulsion Houston. Langl
Page 237 and 238: 234 Lebedev, Valentin V. LDEF Havin
Page 239 and 240: 236 leveled thrust program in space
Page 241 and 242: 238 LiPS (Living Plume Shield) LiPS
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240 Aseries of Chinese launch vehic
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242 Lovell, James Arthur, Jr. Lovel
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244 Aseries of Soviet Moon probes,
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246 On January 15, 1973, Luna 21 to
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248 Lunar Prospector Lunar Prospect
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M series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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252 MACSAT (Multiple Access Communi
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254 Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS)
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256 MAP (Microwave Anisotropy Probe
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258 at risk to themselves, started
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260 An early series of Soviet space
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262 Mars Express Mars Express (cont
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264 Mars Pathfinder (MPF) help dete
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266 Martin Marietta United States.
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268 Maul, Alfred MASTIF The MASTIF
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270 MECO (main engine cutoff) recor
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272 the suborbital journey and safe
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274 a drugstore. Glenn also had the
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276 Mercury-Atlas pilots to take th
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278 meteor deflection screen indica
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280 Milstar (Military Strategic and
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282 Alarge and long-lived Russian s
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284 modulation modulation The proce
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286 Mu long-wave infrared. It also
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288 Musudan together. Two of the co
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290 The Soviet counterpart to the S
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292 NASA Institute for Advanced Con
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294 NEAR-Shoemaker (Near-Earth Aste
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296 Newell, Homer E. Newell, Homer
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298 Nova (rocket) Eight of the spac
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300 nuclear propulsion propulsion)
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302 occultation Hermann Oberth Ober
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304 OKB-1 OKB-1 The classified Sovi
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306 ONERA (Office National d’Étu
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308 Orion, Project first century, t
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310 thin surface layer. So brief wa
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312 Osumi OSO (Orbiting Solar Obser
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314 Palapa Paine, Thomas O. Thomas
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316 parking orbit rifled barrel wit
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318 Pegasus (spacecraft) Pegasus (l
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320 Pickering, William Hayward Pick
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322 Early Pioneers Pioneer 3 being
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324 Planet Imager (PI) Planet Image
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326 POES (Polar Operational Environ
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328 pressure suit pressure suit See
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330 Project Daedalus throughout the
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332 PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Ve
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“R” series of Russian missiles
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336 radiation protection in space s
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338 radiometer such as plutonium-23
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340 ranging ranging Techniques for
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342 reentry vehicle materials and t
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344 remaining mass remaining mass T
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346 Rhyolite Rhyolite A series of U
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348 rocket sled rocket sled A sled
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350 Rosetta Rosetta ESA (European S
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352 Rudolph, Arthur L. Rudolph, Art
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354 Soviet Launches Related to Mann
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Sagan, Carl Edward (1934-1996) A pr
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358 An early series of Soviet space
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360 Sander, Friedrich Wilhelm had b
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362 satellite constellation satelli
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364 A 6.5-m ring fixed to the top o
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366 Schirra, Walter (“Wally”) M
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368 Schweikart, Russell (“Rusty
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370 Seamans, Robert C., Jr. vehicle
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372 SERT (Space Electric Rocket Tes
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374 Shah-Nama by the Space Shuttle
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376 SIM (Space Interferometry Missi
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378 An experimental American space
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380 by the Skylab 2 crew. Two furth
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382 SMEX (Small Explorer) Space Fli
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384 Sojourner case,anellipticalorbi
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386 sonic speed sonic speed The spe
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388 Soyuz spacecraft ESA astronaut
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390 space drive propellants and str
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392 space motion sickness (SMS) the
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394 space sail space sail A device
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396 The core vehicle in NASA’s sp
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398 1986, it was decided to build a
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400 Orbiter Jerry Ross, anchored to
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402 Space Studies Board space stati
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404 Spacehab activities for the dis
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406 An airtight fabric suit with fl
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408 spacewalk package. Next, the as
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410 speed of sound speed of sound T
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412 Squanto Terror Sputnik 2 The se
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414 stage pilot for Gemini 3 and pi
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416 John Paul Stapp (1910-1999) An
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418 Starlight Starlight A NASA miss
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420 Stewart Committee Stennis Space
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422 stratosphere stratosphere The l
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424 surveillance satellites milliwa
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426 sweat cooling Launch Date: Dece
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tachyon A hypothetical particle tha
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430 Tenma Telstar Telstar 1, the fi
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432 terrestrial satellite Terrestri
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434 Thor similar to those on the At
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436 thrust chamber At first glance,
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438 Tipu Sultan “Ralph” and “
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440 Alarge intercontinental ballist
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442 Titov, Gherman Stepanovich Tito
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444 TOS (TIROS Operational System)
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446 troposphere TRMM (Tropical Rain
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448 Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolko
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450 Tucker, George three-stage vehi
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UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Sat
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454 umbilical connections for measu
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“V” weapons See article, pages
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458 “V” weapons A captured V-2
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460 Vanguard fired from here in Dec
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462 Vega 1 and 2 seven operational
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464 velocity Vehicle Assembly Build
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466 Viking (launch vehicle) Chronol
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468 as data relays for more than an
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470 visible light visible light Ele
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472 Von Kármán, Theodore liquid-f
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474 The first series of manned Russ
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476 Two identical spacecraft sent t
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WAC Corporal A small liquid-propell
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480 weight these findings to variou
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482 White Sands Missile Range Edwar
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484 wind tunnel orbit, Wind provide
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486 Ahypothetical “tunnel” conn
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X planes U.S. experimental aircraft
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490 X-33 configuration and renamed
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Yangel, Mikhail K. (1911-1971) One
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Zarya See International Space Stati
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496 Aseries of Soviet probes (“zo
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Boldfaced terms indicate entry head
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500 Acronyms and Abbreviations GEO
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502 Acronyms and Abbreviations POES
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1. Abbot, Alison. “Rubbia propose
Page 509 and 510:
506 References 70. “Cyrano de Ber
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508 References 148. Harrison, Alber
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510 References 223. O’Neill, G. K
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512 References 300. Verne, Jules. A
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514 Web Sites British Interplanetar
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516 Web Sites ICO http://www.ico.co
Page 521 and 522:
518 Web Sites Seawinds http://eosps
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Advanced propulsion systems and rel
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illicit cargo ingress Lunar Landing
Page 527 and 528:
Gonets Gorizont ICO IDCSP (Initial
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launch pad launch support and hold-
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Microgravity and technology experim
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special theory of relativity specif
Page 535 and 536:
Rocket science and technology after
Page 537 and 538:
LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facili
Page 539:
hydrobot microsat minisat nanosat n
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The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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