The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

oratory from 1935 to 1958, during which time he earned
his Ph.D. In 1955, he became director of the Vanguard
satellite program. When that program became part of
NASA on October 1, 1958, he remained chief of the
NASA Vanguard division and then became assistant
director of spaceflight development (1958–1960). In February
1960, he became director of NASA’s office for the
United Nations conference and, later, assistant director
of NASA’s office of plans and program evaluation. In
1962, Hagen returned to higher education as a professor
of astronomy at Pennsylvania State University, becoming
head of the department in 1975.
Hagoromo
A small (12-kg) lunar orbiter ejected from the Japanese
Hiten spacecraft on March 19, 1990; its name means
“angel’s robe.” Contact with the probe was lost after its
release.
Haise, Fred Wallace, Jr. (1933–)
An American astronaut who served as Lunar Module
pilot on the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission. Haise received
a B.S. in aeronautical engineering from the University
of Oklahoma in 1959 and joined the Navy in 1962, subsequently
serving as a fighter pilot in the Oklahoma
National Guard. He was the Aerospace Research Pilot
School’s outstanding graduate of Class 64A and served
with the Air Force from 1961 to 1962 as a tactical fighter
pilot. NASA then tapped him as a research pilot at its
Flight Research Center at Edwards, California, and at its
Lewis Research Center. Haise was one of 19 selected by
NASA in its fifth class of astronauts in April 1966. He
was backup Lunar Module pilot for Apollo 8 and
Apollo 11 before being named to that slot on Apollo
13. From 1973 to 1976, Haise was technical assistant
to the manager of the Space Shuttle Orbiter Project.
He was commander of one of the two-man crews that
piloted Shuttle approach and landing test flights in
1977. These flights evaluated the Shuttle’s capabilities
after the test vehicle Enterprise was released from the
back of a Boeing 747 jet above the California desert.
Haise retired from NASA in June 1979 and held several
managerial positions with Grumman Aerospace Corporation
before retiring in 1996.
Hakucho
The first Japanese X-ray astronomy satellite; it was named
“swan” in Japanese because one of the most powerful
cosmic X-ray sources is Cygnus X-1. Like many other
X-ray satellites deployed around this time, Hakucho was
designed to study and monitor transient (quick-changing)
phenomena, with special emphasis on X-ray bursts in the
energy range of 0.1 to 100 keV. It was known prior to
Hale, Edward Everett 177
launch as Corsa-B. Hakucho stopped operating in April
1985.
Launch
Date: February 21, 1979
Vehicle: M-3S
Site: Kagoshima
Orbit: 543 × 566 km × 29.8°
Mass: 96 kg
HALCA (Highly Advanced Laboratory for
Communications and Astronomy)
A Japanese satellite that forms the first spaceborne element
of the VSOP (VLBI Space Observatory Program),
led by ISAS (Institute of Space and Astronautical Science)
in collaboration with the National Astronomical
Observatory of Japan. HALCA’s main instrument is an
8-m-diameter radio telescope. The satellite’s highly elliptical
orbit facilitates VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry)
observations on baselines up to three times
longer than those achievable on Earth. Observations are
made at 1.6 GHz, 5 GHz, and 22 GHz. HALCA is also
known by the national name Haruka (“far away”)—a reference
to its great distance from Earth at apogee (the
highest point of its orbit). Before launch, the satellite was
called MUSES-B.
Launch
Date: February 12, 1997
Vehicle: M-5
Site: Kagoshima
Orbit: 569 × 21,415 km × 31.4°
Hale, Edward Everett (1822–1909)
A prolific American writer, a contributing editor to The
Atlantic Monthly, and almost certainly the only science fiction
writer to serve as chaplain to the U.S. Senate; he
appears to have been the first to describe an artificial Earth
satellite. His short story “The Brick Moon” (1869) and its
sequel, “Life on the Brick Moon,” 140 both published in The
Atlantic Monthly, tell of a 200-foot diameter sphere (built of
bricks to “stand fire very, very well”) that is due to be
launched into an orbit 4,000 miles high. Since its purpose
is to provide a longitude fix for navigators who will see it
from the ground as a bright star, Hale reasons correctly
that a polar orbit is needed. In effect, the Brick Moon will
move around a giant Greenwich meridian in the sky, fulfilling
the same role for the measurement of longitude that
the Pole Star does for latitude. Two huge, spinning flywheels
are set up to throw the artificial moon into its correct
orbital path—but something goes wrong. The brick
sphere rolls prematurely down “upon these angry flywheels,