The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

Sagan, Carl Edward (1934–1996)
A professor of astronomy at Cornell University, a famous
popular science writer and broadcaster, and an avid proponent
of space exploration. Sagan contributed to the
science investigations of many of the pioneering planetary
spacecraft, including Mariner 9, Viking, Pioneers
10 and 11, and Voyagers 1 and 2. He was a devotee and
an advocate of broad international cooperation in space
exploration, and one of the founders (in 1980) and president
(until his death) of the Planetary Society. He
expressed the opinion that carrying life from Earth to
other planets is a duty of mankind, and that the conquest
and colonization by mankind of other planets and
extraterrestrial space are essential to our survival. “All civilizations,”
he wrote, “become either spacefaring or
extinct.” One of Sagan’s chief interests was in the possibility
of life in the Solar System and beyond. He helped
conceive the contents of a message plaque attached to
Pioneer 10 and a phonograph record carried by each of
the Voyagers. 254
Sagan Memorial Station
The name by which the defunct Mars Pathfinder is now
known, in memory of the late Carl Sagan.
Sagan, Carl Carl Sagan stands
next to a model of the Viking
Lander in Death Valley, California.
NASA/JPL
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Sagdeyev, Roald Z. (1932–)
One of the leading figures in Soviet space science from
the 1960s to the 1980s. Sagdeyev was involved in virtually
every Soviet lunar and planetary probe in this period,
including the highly successful Venera and Vega missions.
He also advised Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev
on space and arms control at the 1986 Geneva, 1987
Washington, and 1988 Moscow summits. In the late
1980s, Sagdeyev left the Soviet Union and settled in the
United States, where he headed the East-West Science
and Technology Center at the University of Maryland,
College Park. 256
SAGE (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment)
A spaceborne instrument that collects data on how
changes in the amount of solar radiation falling on
Earth’s upper atmosphere affect the concentrations of
aerosol and ozone at different levels. SAGE I flew aboard
AEM-2 (Applications Explorer Mission 2) in 1979, and
SAGE II flew aboard ERBS (Earth Radiation Budget
Satellite) in 1984. The first component of SAGE III, to
monitor ozone depletion over the Arctic, is carried by
the Russian Meteor-3M satellite, which was launched on
December 10, 2001. Further SAGE III instrumentation