The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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Von Hoefft, Franz 471 Wernher von Braun Von Braun stands in front of a Saturn IB launch vehicle at Kennedy Space Center in January 1968. NASA
472 Von Kármán, Theodore liquid-fueled sounding rocket called the RH-I (RH for “Repulsion Hoefft”), which would be carried to a height of 5 to 10 km by balloon and then launched. Such rockets, he explained, could be used for delivering mail or photographic remote sensing of Earth. By stages, their capacity would be increased. RH-V, for example, would be able to fly around the Earth in elliptical orbits, yet take off and land on water like a plane. The ultimate development, the RH-VIII, would be launched from a space station and be able to reach other planets or even leave the Solar System. Von Kármán, Theodore (1881–1963) A Hungarian aerodynamicist who founded an Aeronautical Institute at Aachen before World War I and achieved a world-class reputation in aeronautics through the 1920s. In 1930, Robert Millikan and his associates at the California Institute of Technology lured von Kármán from Aachen to become the director of Caltech’s Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory (GALCIT). There he trained a generation of engineers in theoretical aerodynamics and fluid dynamics. With its eminence in physics, physical chemistry, and astrophysics, as well as aeronautics, it proved to be an ideal site for the early development of U.S. ballistic rocketry. Von Kármán was the first chairman of the Advisory Group on Aeronautical Research and Development for NATO. 133 Von Opel, Fritz (1899–1971) A German automotive industrialist who took part, with Max Valier and Friedrich Wilhelm Sander, in experiments with rocket propulsion for automobiles and aircraft. The world’s first rocket-propelled car, the Opel-Rak 1, was initially tested on March 15, 1928. Opel himself test-drove an improved version, the Opel-Rak 2, on May 23 of that year. On September 30, 1929, Opel piloted the second rocket airplane to fly, a Hatry glider fitted with 16 solid-fuel rockets. Von Pirquet, Guido (1880–1966) A talented Austrian engineer who carried out seminal studies of the most efficient way for spacecraft to travel to the planets. Von Pirquet, a member of a distinguished Austrian family (his brother Clemens was a world-renowned physician), studied mechanical engineering at the Universities of Technology in Vienna and Graz. His expertise in ballistics and thermodynamics soon won him recognition in European rocket circles. He was elected first secretary of the rocket society founded by Franz von Hoefft and made his most important contributions to rocketry through a 1928–1929 series of articles called “Travel Routes” in the Verein für Raumschiffarht’s periodical, Die Rakete (The Rocket), and a book, Die Möglichkeit der Weltraumfahrt (The Possibility of Space Travel), edited by the young Willy Ley in 1928. In these writings, he describes the most fuelefficient trajectories for reaching the planets Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Through calculations of a rocket nozzle for a manned rocket to Mars, he shows that the rocket would be impossibly large if it had to fly directly from the Earth’s surface—the nozzle area of the first stage being about 1,500 square meters. He concludes that a manned expedition to Mars could be achieved only by building the spacecraft at a space station in Earth orbit. His 1928 calculated trajectory for a space probe to Venus is identical to the one used by the first Soviet interplanetary spacecraft to Venus in 1961. 307 Vortex See Chalet. Voskhod A multiseater Soviet spacecraft hurriedly adapted from Vostok in order to upstage the two-man American Gemini program. Only two Voskhod (“sunrise”) flights were Voskhod The never-flown Voshkod 3 spacecraft on display in the RKK Energia museum. Joachim Becker
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The Complete Book of Spaceflight Fr
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Contents Acknowledgments v Introduc
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It is astonishing to think that the
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4 How to Use This Book Energy 1 jou
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6 Able passage through a dusty medi
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8 additive additive A substance add
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10 aerobraking was one of two rocke
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12 aerospace medicine aerospace med
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14 AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sound
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16 ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Sa
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18 ammonium perchlorate (NH 4ClO 4)
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20 aniline (C 6H 5NH 2) aniline (C
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22 antiparticle efficient space pro
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24 whose main task was guidance and
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26 LUNAR MODULE FACTS Height: 6.7 m
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28 intended as simply an Earth-orbi
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30 lunar environment. Conrad inadve
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32 CSM; it transmitted data back to
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34 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)
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36 Ariane orbit on the 11th launch
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38 Ariel Ariel A series of six Brit
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40 Artemis Project ESA devised a fo
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42 asteroid missions asteroid missi
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44 America’s first intercontinent
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46 atmosphere first time in the Atl
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48 Avdeyev, Sergei Avdeyev, Sergei
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50 ballistic missile ballistic miss
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52 Belyayev, Pavel Ivanovich with t
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54 biopak their companions who had
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56 Black Brant in June 1969, a seco
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58 boat-tail deliver a two-ton nucl
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60 boost magazine series on spacefl
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62 BS- (Broadcasting Satellite) to
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64 Buran Program was inaugurated wi
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66 canted nozzle astronaut John You
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68 carrier and as CAPCOM (Capsule C
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70 cast propellant decelerate. Then
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72 Cernan, Eugene Andrew broken bit
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Challenger disaster Following the e
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76 chemical fuel Chelomei turned hi
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78 circular velocity circular veloc
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80 Cluster Cluster An ESA (European
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82 Colombo, Giuseppe “Bepi” Col
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84 Aspacecraft in Earth orbit that
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86 companion body companion body A
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88 Copernicus Observatory longest M
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90 cosmic rays was the responsibili
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92 Crocco, Gaetano Arturo crawler-t
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94 Cunningham, R. Walter cryobot An
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Daedalus, Project One of the first
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98 Dawn preceded, in 2006, by SMART
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100 Deep Space Network (DSN) Deep S
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102 Afamily of launch vehicles deri
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104 (GEMs) for improved performance
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106 de-orbit burn de-orbit burn (co
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108 Dnepr Force base by a Thor Burn
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110 downlink Douglas Skyrocket The
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112 Durant Frederick Clark, III (19
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Early Bird (communications satellit
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116 Edwards Air Force Base Echo A t
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118 Einstein Observatory other idea
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120 electrostatic propulsion electr
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122 energy density accelerate an ob
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124 Eole Envisat Envisat being prep
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126 escape energy Organisation). ES
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128 ETS (Engineering Test Satellite
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130 Evans, Ronald E. used to study
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132 Explorer Launch Explorer Spacec
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134 explosive bolt explosive bolt A
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136 FAIR (Filled-Aperture Infrared
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138 fission, nuclear fission, nucle
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140 flux it also supported AFSATCOM
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142 frequency coordination held) re
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144 FTL (Project Vela) and then as
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146 GAIA (Global Astrometric Interf
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148 gamma rays instruments and the
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150 GEC (Global Electrodynamics Con
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152 Attitude Maneuvering System (OA
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154 down relative to the target bec
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156 Gemini 9/“Angry Alligator”
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158 Genesis launch failed and the v
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160 Geotail Geotail A joint ISAS (J
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162 Glavcosmos John Glenn Glenn don
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164 Glennan, T(homas) Keith istrato
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166 Robert Hutchings Goddard (1882-
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168 Gonets Gonets A Russian messagi
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170 gravitational constant (G) Adva
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172 Griffith, George shot out of a
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174 guidance, midcourse guidance, m
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H series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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178 Hale, William Edward Hale The B
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180 Haruka flight. By the end of 19
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182 Helios (reconnaissance satellit
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184 high mass fraction two Soft X-r
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186 HOPE (H-2 Orbital Plane) instru
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188 human factors NGST (Next Genera
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190 hypoxia hypoxia Oxygen deficien
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192 IDCSP (Initial Defense Communic
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194 inertia inertia The property of
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196 Intelsat (International Telecom
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198 Intercosmos Intercosmos Interna
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200 International Space Station An
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202 The ISS Takes Shape The STS-88
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204 interplanetary magnetic field C
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206 interstellar space problem by h
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208 IRBM (Intermediate Range Ballis
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210 ISAS (Institute of Space and As
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212 IUE (International Ultraviolet
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214 JAS (Japanese Amateur Satellite
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216 Joule Joule An X-ray observator
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218 Jupiter A floodlit Jupiter C is
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220 Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Kenn
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222 Kiwi which he broke the sound b
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224 Kourou In the end, Korolev was
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226 Kummersdorf astronomer Gerard P
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L series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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230 Lagrangian orbit carries an arr
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232 laser propulsion Houston. Langl
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234 Lebedev, Valentin V. LDEF Havin
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236 leveled thrust program in space
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238 LiPS (Living Plume Shield) LiPS
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240 Aseries of Chinese launch vehic
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242 Lovell, James Arthur, Jr. Lovel
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244 Aseries of Soviet Moon probes,
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246 On January 15, 1973, Luna 21 to
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248 Lunar Prospector Lunar Prospect
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M series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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252 MACSAT (Multiple Access Communi
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254 Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS)
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256 MAP (Microwave Anisotropy Probe
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258 at risk to themselves, started
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260 An early series of Soviet space
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262 Mars Express Mars Express (cont
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264 Mars Pathfinder (MPF) help dete
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266 Martin Marietta United States.
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268 Maul, Alfred MASTIF The MASTIF
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270 MECO (main engine cutoff) recor
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272 the suborbital journey and safe
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274 a drugstore. Glenn also had the
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276 Mercury-Atlas pilots to take th
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278 meteor deflection screen indica
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280 Milstar (Military Strategic and
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282 Alarge and long-lived Russian s
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284 modulation modulation The proce
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286 Mu long-wave infrared. It also
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288 Musudan together. Two of the co
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290 The Soviet counterpart to the S
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292 NASA Institute for Advanced Con
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294 NEAR-Shoemaker (Near-Earth Aste
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296 Newell, Homer E. Newell, Homer
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298 Nova (rocket) Eight of the spac
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300 nuclear propulsion propulsion)
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302 occultation Hermann Oberth Ober
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304 OKB-1 OKB-1 The classified Sovi
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306 ONERA (Office National d’Étu
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308 Orion, Project first century, t
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310 thin surface layer. So brief wa
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312 Osumi OSO (Orbiting Solar Obser
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314 Palapa Paine, Thomas O. Thomas
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316 parking orbit rifled barrel wit
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318 Pegasus (spacecraft) Pegasus (l
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320 Pickering, William Hayward Pick
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322 Early Pioneers Pioneer 3 being
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324 Planet Imager (PI) Planet Image
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326 POES (Polar Operational Environ
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328 pressure suit pressure suit See
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330 Project Daedalus throughout the
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332 PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Ve
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“R” series of Russian missiles
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336 radiation protection in space s
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338 radiometer such as plutonium-23
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340 ranging ranging Techniques for
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342 reentry vehicle materials and t
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344 remaining mass remaining mass T
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346 Rhyolite Rhyolite A series of U
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348 rocket sled rocket sled A sled
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350 Rosetta Rosetta ESA (European S
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352 Rudolph, Arthur L. Rudolph, Art
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354 Soviet Launches Related to Mann
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Sagan, Carl Edward (1934-1996) A pr
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358 An early series of Soviet space
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360 Sander, Friedrich Wilhelm had b
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362 satellite constellation satelli
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364 A 6.5-m ring fixed to the top o
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366 Schirra, Walter (“Wally”) M
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368 Schweikart, Russell (“Rusty
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370 Seamans, Robert C., Jr. vehicle
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372 SERT (Space Electric Rocket Tes
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374 Shah-Nama by the Space Shuttle
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376 SIM (Space Interferometry Missi
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378 An experimental American space
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380 by the Skylab 2 crew. Two furth
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382 SMEX (Small Explorer) Space Fli
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384 Sojourner case,anellipticalorbi
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386 sonic speed sonic speed The spe
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388 Soyuz spacecraft ESA astronaut
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390 space drive propellants and str
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392 space motion sickness (SMS) the
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394 space sail space sail A device
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396 The core vehicle in NASA’s sp
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398 1986, it was decided to build a
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400 Orbiter Jerry Ross, anchored to
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402 Space Studies Board space stati
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404 Spacehab activities for the dis
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406 An airtight fabric suit with fl
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408 spacewalk package. Next, the as
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410 speed of sound speed of sound T
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412 Squanto Terror Sputnik 2 The se
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414 stage pilot for Gemini 3 and pi
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416 John Paul Stapp (1910-1999) An
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418 Starlight Starlight A NASA miss
Page 423 and 424: 420 Stewart Committee Stennis Space
Page 425 and 426: 422 stratosphere stratosphere The l
Page 427 and 428: 424 surveillance satellites milliwa
Page 429 and 430: 426 sweat cooling Launch Date: Dece
Page 431 and 432: tachyon A hypothetical particle tha
Page 433 and 434: 430 Tenma Telstar Telstar 1, the fi
Page 435 and 436: 432 terrestrial satellite Terrestri
Page 437 and 438: 434 Thor similar to those on the At
Page 439 and 440: 436 thrust chamber At first glance,
Page 441 and 442: 438 Tipu Sultan “Ralph” and “
Page 443 and 444: 440 Alarge intercontinental ballist
Page 445 and 446: 442 Titov, Gherman Stepanovich Tito
Page 447 and 448: 444 TOS (TIROS Operational System)
Page 449 and 450: 446 troposphere TRMM (Tropical Rain
Page 451 and 452: 448 Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolko
Page 453 and 454: 450 Tucker, George three-stage vehi
Page 455 and 456: UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Sat
Page 457 and 458: 454 umbilical connections for measu
Page 459 and 460: “V” weapons See article, pages
Page 461 and 462: 458 “V” weapons A captured V-2
Page 463 and 464: 460 Vanguard fired from here in Dec
Page 465 and 466: 462 Vega 1 and 2 seven operational
Page 467 and 468: 464 velocity Vehicle Assembly Build
Page 469 and 470: 466 Viking (launch vehicle) Chronol
Page 471 and 472: 468 as data relays for more than an
Page 473: 470 visible light visible light Ele
Page 477 and 478: 474 The first series of manned Russ
Page 479 and 480: 476 Two identical spacecraft sent t
Page 481 and 482: WAC Corporal A small liquid-propell
Page 483 and 484: 480 weight these findings to variou
Page 485 and 486: 482 White Sands Missile Range Edwar
Page 487 and 488: 484 wind tunnel orbit, Wind provide
Page 489 and 490: 486 Ahypothetical “tunnel” conn
Page 491 and 492: X planes U.S. experimental aircraft
Page 493 and 494: 490 X-33 configuration and renamed
Page 495 and 496: Yangel, Mikhail K. (1911-1971) One
Page 497 and 498: Zarya See International Space Stati
Page 499 and 500: 496 Aseries of Soviet probes (“zo
Page 501 and 502: Boldfaced terms indicate entry head
Page 503 and 504: 500 Acronyms and Abbreviations GEO
Page 505 and 506: 502 Acronyms and Abbreviations POES
Page 507 and 508: 1. Abbot, Alison. “Rubbia propose
Page 509 and 510: 506 References 70. “Cyrano de Ber
Page 511 and 512: 508 References 148. Harrison, Alber
Page 513 and 514: 510 References 223. O’Neill, G. K
Page 515 and 516: 512 References 300. Verne, Jules. A
Page 517 and 518: 514 Web Sites British Interplanetar
Page 519 and 520: 516 Web Sites ICO http://www.ico.co
Page 521 and 522: 518 Web Sites Seawinds http://eosps
Page 523 and 524: Advanced propulsion systems and rel
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illicit cargo ingress Lunar Landing
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Gonets Gorizont ICO IDCSP (Initial
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launch pad launch support and hold-
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Microgravity and technology experim
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special theory of relativity specif
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Rocket science and technology after
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LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facili
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hydrobot microsat minisat nanosat n
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The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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