The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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Launch TIROS Series Tito, Dennis 439 Series Spacecraft Date Vehicle Orbit Mass (kg) TIROS TIROS 1 Apr. 1, 1960 Thor-Able 656 × 696 km × 48° 120 TIROS 2 Nov. 23, 1960 Delta 547 × 610 km × 49° 130 TIROS 3 Jul. 12, 1961 Delta 723 × 790 km × 48° 129 TIROS 4 Feb. 8, 1962 Delta 693 × 812 km × 48° 129 TIROS 5 Jun. 19, 1962 Delta 580 × 880 km × 58° 129 TIROS 6 Sep. 18, 1962 Delta 631 × 654 km × 58° 127 TIROS 7 Jun. 19, 1963 Delta B 338 × 349 km × 58° 135 TIROS 8 Dec. 21, 1963 Delta B 667 × 705 km × 59° 119 TIROS 9 Jan. 22, 1965 Delta C 701 × 2,564 km × 96° 138 TIROS 10 Jul. 2, 1965 Delta C 722 × 807 km × 99° 127 TOS ESSA 1 Feb. 3, 1966 Delta C 684 × 806 km × 98° 138 ESSA 2 Feb. 28, 1966 Delta E 1,352 × 1,412 km × 101° 132 ESSA 3 Oct. 2, 1966 Delta E 1,348 × 1,483 km × 101° 145 ESSA 4 Jan. 26, 1967 Delta E 1,323 × 1,437 km × 102° 132 ESSA 5 Apr. 20, 1967 Delta E 1,352 × 1,419 km × 102° 145 ESSA 6 Nov. 10, 1967 Delta E 1,406 × 1,482 km × 102° 132 ESSA 7 Aug. 16, 1968 Delta N 1,428 × 1,471 km × 101° 145 ESSA 8 Dec. 15, 1968 Delta N 1,411 × 1,461 km × 102° 132 ESSA 9 Feb. 26, 1969 Delta E 1,422 × 1,503 km × 101° 145 ITOS TIROS-M Jan. 23, 1970 Delta N 1,431 × 1,477 km × 101° 309 NOAA 1 Dec. 11, 1970 Delta N 1,421 × 1,470 km × 101° 306 NOAA 2 Oct. 15, 1972 Delta 100 1,446 × 1,453 km × 102° 344 NOAA 3 Nov. 6, 1973 Delta 100 1,499 × 1,508 km × 102° 345 NOAA 4 Nov. 15, 1974 Delta 2914 1,442 × 1,457 km × 102° 340 NOAA 5 Jul. 29, 1976 Delta 2914 1,504 × 1,519 km × 102° 340 TIROS-N TIROS-N Oct. 13, 1978 Atlas F 829 × 845 km × 99° 734 NOAA 6 Jun. 27, 1979 Atlas F 785 × 800 km × 99° 723 NOAA 7 Jun. 23, 1981 Atlas F 828 × 847 km × 99° 1,405 Advanced NOAA 12* May 14, 1991 Atlas E 805 × 824 km × 99° 1,416 TIROS-N NOAA 8 Mar. 23, 1983 Atlas F 785 × 800 km × 99° 3,775 NOAA 9 Dec. 12, 1984 Atlas E 833 × 855 km × 99° 1,712 NOAA 10 Sep. 17, 1986 Atlas E 795 × 816 km × 99° 1,700 NOAA 11 Sep. 24, 1988 Atlas E 838 × 854 km × 99° 1,712 NOAA 13 Aug. 9, 1993 Atlas E 845 × 861 km × 99° 1,712 NOAA 14 Dec. 30, 1994 Atlas E 847 × 861 km × 99° 1,712 NOAA 15 May 13, 1998 Titan II 807 × 824 km × 99° 1,476 NOAA 16 Sep. 21, 2000 Titan II 853 × 867 km × 99° 1,476 *N.B., NOAA 12 was launched out of sequence.
440 Alarge intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) that, like the Atlas and Thor, evolved into an important family of space launch vehicles that remain in use today. Its story begins with the U.S. Air Force seeking an ICBM that would surpass the Atlas in sophistication and delivery capacity. 228 (See table, “Titan Series,” on page 442.) Titan I A silo-based missile, active from 1962 to 1966. A development contract for what would become the Titan ICBM went to the Martin Company in October 1955; subsequently, the missile was named after the Greek mythological father of Zeus. Unlike the oneand-a-half stage Atlas, Titan I used two stages, both equipped with Aerojet engines that burned liquid oxygen and RP-1 (kerosene mixture), and could deliver a four-megaton warhead over a distance of 12,900 km. Its all-inertial guidance system incorporated groundbreaking digital computer technology. The first Titan was test-launched on February 6, 1959, with a dummy second stage ballasted with water. In April 1962, the missile was declared operational and remained in active service for the next four years. It was also to have been used for suborbital tests of the X-20 Dyna-Soar; however, in the end, it was never modified for spaceflight—unlike its successor. Titan II The largest U.S. missile ever deployed and, in modified form, the launch vehicle for the Gemini program. In 1958, the Air Force gave Martin the go-ahead to develop an improved and a far more powerful version of the Titan I that would burn fuels that could remain in the missile’s tanks for long periods, enabling the missile to be fired almost immediately to counter any Soviet threat. Aerojet-General first- and second-stage engines based on those of the Titan I were modified to burn UDMH (a type of hydrazine) and nitrogen tetroxide, substances that could be stored at room temperature for months. Furthermore, since they were hypergolic (self-igniting on coming into contact), the Titan II didn’t need a complex igni- Titan tion system. Designed to be fired from within its underground silo (unlike its predecessor, which had to be raised to the surface), the Titan II could be readied for firing in under 60 seconds and could carry an 18megaton warhead over a range of 15,000 km. The first successful launch took place in March 1962, and the missile was declared operational the following year. Yet, the Titan II was destined to serve not only as a weapon. In modified form, as the Gemini-Titan II, it became the launch vehicle for the two-man successor to Project Mercury. It was also eventually used to place satellites in orbit. When the Titan missile fleet was deactivated in the mid-1980s, the remaining Titan Titan A Titan IV carrying the second Milstar satellite on the launch pad at Cape Canaveral. Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space Co./Russ Underwood
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The Complete Book of Spaceflight Fr
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Contents Acknowledgments v Introduc
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It is astonishing to think that the
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4 How to Use This Book Energy 1 jou
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6 Able passage through a dusty medi
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8 additive additive A substance add
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10 aerobraking was one of two rocke
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12 aerospace medicine aerospace med
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14 AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sound
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16 ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Sa
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18 ammonium perchlorate (NH 4ClO 4)
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20 aniline (C 6H 5NH 2) aniline (C
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22 antiparticle efficient space pro
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24 whose main task was guidance and
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26 LUNAR MODULE FACTS Height: 6.7 m
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28 intended as simply an Earth-orbi
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30 lunar environment. Conrad inadve
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32 CSM; it transmitted data back to
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34 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)
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36 Ariane orbit on the 11th launch
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38 Ariel Ariel A series of six Brit
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40 Artemis Project ESA devised a fo
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42 asteroid missions asteroid missi
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44 America’s first intercontinent
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46 atmosphere first time in the Atl
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48 Avdeyev, Sergei Avdeyev, Sergei
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50 ballistic missile ballistic miss
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52 Belyayev, Pavel Ivanovich with t
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54 biopak their companions who had
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56 Black Brant in June 1969, a seco
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58 boat-tail deliver a two-ton nucl
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60 boost magazine series on spacefl
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62 BS- (Broadcasting Satellite) to
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64 Buran Program was inaugurated wi
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66 canted nozzle astronaut John You
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68 carrier and as CAPCOM (Capsule C
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70 cast propellant decelerate. Then
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72 Cernan, Eugene Andrew broken bit
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Challenger disaster Following the e
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76 chemical fuel Chelomei turned hi
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78 circular velocity circular veloc
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80 Cluster Cluster An ESA (European
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82 Colombo, Giuseppe “Bepi” Col
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84 Aspacecraft in Earth orbit that
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86 companion body companion body A
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88 Copernicus Observatory longest M
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90 cosmic rays was the responsibili
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92 Crocco, Gaetano Arturo crawler-t
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94 Cunningham, R. Walter cryobot An
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Daedalus, Project One of the first
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98 Dawn preceded, in 2006, by SMART
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100 Deep Space Network (DSN) Deep S
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102 Afamily of launch vehicles deri
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104 (GEMs) for improved performance
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106 de-orbit burn de-orbit burn (co
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108 Dnepr Force base by a Thor Burn
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110 downlink Douglas Skyrocket The
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112 Durant Frederick Clark, III (19
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Early Bird (communications satellit
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116 Edwards Air Force Base Echo A t
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118 Einstein Observatory other idea
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120 electrostatic propulsion electr
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122 energy density accelerate an ob
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124 Eole Envisat Envisat being prep
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126 escape energy Organisation). ES
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128 ETS (Engineering Test Satellite
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130 Evans, Ronald E. used to study
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132 Explorer Launch Explorer Spacec
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134 explosive bolt explosive bolt A
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136 FAIR (Filled-Aperture Infrared
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138 fission, nuclear fission, nucle
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140 flux it also supported AFSATCOM
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142 frequency coordination held) re
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144 FTL (Project Vela) and then as
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146 GAIA (Global Astrometric Interf
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148 gamma rays instruments and the
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150 GEC (Global Electrodynamics Con
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152 Attitude Maneuvering System (OA
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154 down relative to the target bec
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156 Gemini 9/“Angry Alligator”
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158 Genesis launch failed and the v
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160 Geotail Geotail A joint ISAS (J
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162 Glavcosmos John Glenn Glenn don
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164 Glennan, T(homas) Keith istrato
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166 Robert Hutchings Goddard (1882-
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168 Gonets Gonets A Russian messagi
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170 gravitational constant (G) Adva
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172 Griffith, George shot out of a
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174 guidance, midcourse guidance, m
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H series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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178 Hale, William Edward Hale The B
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180 Haruka flight. By the end of 19
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182 Helios (reconnaissance satellit
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184 high mass fraction two Soft X-r
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186 HOPE (H-2 Orbital Plane) instru
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188 human factors NGST (Next Genera
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190 hypoxia hypoxia Oxygen deficien
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192 IDCSP (Initial Defense Communic
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194 inertia inertia The property of
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196 Intelsat (International Telecom
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198 Intercosmos Intercosmos Interna
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200 International Space Station An
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202 The ISS Takes Shape The STS-88
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204 interplanetary magnetic field C
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206 interstellar space problem by h
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208 IRBM (Intermediate Range Ballis
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210 ISAS (Institute of Space and As
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212 IUE (International Ultraviolet
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214 JAS (Japanese Amateur Satellite
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216 Joule Joule An X-ray observator
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218 Jupiter A floodlit Jupiter C is
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220 Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Kenn
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222 Kiwi which he broke the sound b
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224 Kourou In the end, Korolev was
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226 Kummersdorf astronomer Gerard P
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L series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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230 Lagrangian orbit carries an arr
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232 laser propulsion Houston. Langl
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234 Lebedev, Valentin V. LDEF Havin
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236 leveled thrust program in space
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238 LiPS (Living Plume Shield) LiPS
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240 Aseries of Chinese launch vehic
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242 Lovell, James Arthur, Jr. Lovel
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244 Aseries of Soviet Moon probes,
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246 On January 15, 1973, Luna 21 to
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248 Lunar Prospector Lunar Prospect
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M series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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252 MACSAT (Multiple Access Communi
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254 Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS)
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256 MAP (Microwave Anisotropy Probe
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258 at risk to themselves, started
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260 An early series of Soviet space
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262 Mars Express Mars Express (cont
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264 Mars Pathfinder (MPF) help dete
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266 Martin Marietta United States.
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268 Maul, Alfred MASTIF The MASTIF
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270 MECO (main engine cutoff) recor
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272 the suborbital journey and safe
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274 a drugstore. Glenn also had the
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276 Mercury-Atlas pilots to take th
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278 meteor deflection screen indica
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280 Milstar (Military Strategic and
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282 Alarge and long-lived Russian s
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284 modulation modulation The proce
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286 Mu long-wave infrared. It also
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288 Musudan together. Two of the co
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290 The Soviet counterpart to the S
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292 NASA Institute for Advanced Con
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294 NEAR-Shoemaker (Near-Earth Aste
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296 Newell, Homer E. Newell, Homer
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298 Nova (rocket) Eight of the spac
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300 nuclear propulsion propulsion)
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302 occultation Hermann Oberth Ober
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304 OKB-1 OKB-1 The classified Sovi
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306 ONERA (Office National d’Étu
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308 Orion, Project first century, t
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310 thin surface layer. So brief wa
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312 Osumi OSO (Orbiting Solar Obser
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314 Palapa Paine, Thomas O. Thomas
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316 parking orbit rifled barrel wit
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318 Pegasus (spacecraft) Pegasus (l
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320 Pickering, William Hayward Pick
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322 Early Pioneers Pioneer 3 being
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324 Planet Imager (PI) Planet Image
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326 POES (Polar Operational Environ
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328 pressure suit pressure suit See
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330 Project Daedalus throughout the
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332 PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Ve
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“R” series of Russian missiles
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336 radiation protection in space s
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338 radiometer such as plutonium-23
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340 ranging ranging Techniques for
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342 reentry vehicle materials and t
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344 remaining mass remaining mass T
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346 Rhyolite Rhyolite A series of U
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348 rocket sled rocket sled A sled
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350 Rosetta Rosetta ESA (European S
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352 Rudolph, Arthur L. Rudolph, Art
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354 Soviet Launches Related to Mann
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Sagan, Carl Edward (1934-1996) A pr
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358 An early series of Soviet space
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360 Sander, Friedrich Wilhelm had b
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362 satellite constellation satelli
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364 A 6.5-m ring fixed to the top o
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366 Schirra, Walter (“Wally”) M
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368 Schweikart, Russell (“Rusty
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370 Seamans, Robert C., Jr. vehicle
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372 SERT (Space Electric Rocket Tes
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374 Shah-Nama by the Space Shuttle
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376 SIM (Space Interferometry Missi
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378 An experimental American space
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380 by the Skylab 2 crew. Two furth
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382 SMEX (Small Explorer) Space Fli
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384 Sojourner case,anellipticalorbi
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386 sonic speed sonic speed The spe
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Page 397 and 398: 394 space sail space sail A device
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Page 401 and 402: 398 1986, it was decided to build a
Page 403 and 404: 400 Orbiter Jerry Ross, anchored to
Page 405 and 406: 402 Space Studies Board space stati
Page 407 and 408: 404 Spacehab activities for the dis
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Page 411 and 412: 408 spacewalk package. Next, the as
Page 413 and 414: 410 speed of sound speed of sound T
Page 415 and 416: 412 Squanto Terror Sputnik 2 The se
Page 417 and 418: 414 stage pilot for Gemini 3 and pi
Page 419 and 420: 416 John Paul Stapp (1910-1999) An
Page 421 and 422: 418 Starlight Starlight A NASA miss
Page 423 and 424: 420 Stewart Committee Stennis Space
Page 425 and 426: 422 stratosphere stratosphere The l
Page 427 and 428: 424 surveillance satellites milliwa
Page 429 and 430: 426 sweat cooling Launch Date: Dece
Page 431 and 432: tachyon A hypothetical particle tha
Page 433 and 434: 430 Tenma Telstar Telstar 1, the fi
Page 435 and 436: 432 terrestrial satellite Terrestri
Page 437 and 438: 434 Thor similar to those on the At
Page 439 and 440: 436 thrust chamber At first glance,
Page 441: 438 Tipu Sultan “Ralph” and “
Page 445 and 446: 442 Titov, Gherman Stepanovich Tito
Page 447 and 448: 444 TOS (TIROS Operational System)
Page 449 and 450: 446 troposphere TRMM (Tropical Rain
Page 451 and 452: 448 Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolko
Page 453 and 454: 450 Tucker, George three-stage vehi
Page 455 and 456: UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Sat
Page 457 and 458: 454 umbilical connections for measu
Page 459 and 460: “V” weapons See article, pages
Page 461 and 462: 458 “V” weapons A captured V-2
Page 463 and 464: 460 Vanguard fired from here in Dec
Page 465 and 466: 462 Vega 1 and 2 seven operational
Page 467 and 468: 464 velocity Vehicle Assembly Build
Page 469 and 470: 466 Viking (launch vehicle) Chronol
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Page 473 and 474: 470 visible light visible light Ele
Page 475 and 476: 472 Von Kármán, Theodore liquid-f
Page 477 and 478: 474 The first series of manned Russ
Page 479 and 480: 476 Two identical spacecraft sent t
Page 481 and 482: WAC Corporal A small liquid-propell
Page 483 and 484: 480 weight these findings to variou
Page 485 and 486: 482 White Sands Missile Range Edwar
Page 487 and 488: 484 wind tunnel orbit, Wind provide
Page 489 and 490: 486 Ahypothetical “tunnel” conn
Page 491 and 492: X planes U.S. experimental aircraft
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490 X-33 configuration and renamed
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Yangel, Mikhail K. (1911-1971) One
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Zarya See International Space Stati
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496 Aseries of Soviet probes (“zo
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Boldfaced terms indicate entry head
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500 Acronyms and Abbreviations GEO
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502 Acronyms and Abbreviations POES
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1. Abbot, Alison. “Rubbia propose
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506 References 70. “Cyrano de Ber
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508 References 148. Harrison, Alber
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510 References 223. O’Neill, G. K
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512 References 300. Verne, Jules. A
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514 Web Sites British Interplanetar
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516 Web Sites ICO http://www.ico.co
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518 Web Sites Seawinds http://eosps
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Advanced propulsion systems and rel
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illicit cargo ingress Lunar Landing
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Gonets Gorizont ICO IDCSP (Initial
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launch pad launch support and hold-
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Microgravity and technology experim
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special theory of relativity specif
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Rocket science and technology after
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LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facili
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hydrobot microsat minisat nanosat n
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The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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