The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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detach as the main spacecraft began its descent. The penetrators, called Scott and Amundsen, were to have struck the Martian surface at about 200 m/s at the northernmost boundary of the area near the south polar ice cap referred to as the Polar Layered Terrain, about 200 km from the landing site of the main spacecraft. Each would have released a miniature two-piece science probe designed to punch into the soil to a depth of up to 2 m and search for subsurface ice. Launch Date: January 3, 1999 Vehicle: Delta 7925 Site: Cape Canaveral Length: 3.6 m Total mass, less penetrators: 575 kg Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter A NASA orbiter, to be launched in August 2005, that will make high-resolution measurements of the surface from orbit, including images with resolution better than 1 m. The primary objectives of the mission will be to look for evidence of past or present water and to identify landing sites for future missions. The orbiter will also be used as a telecommunications link for future missions. Mars Scout A new class of robot explorer that will be able to reconnoiter Mars in any of a variety of ways—from orbit, from the planet’s surface or subsurface, and by floating or flying at low altitude over the Martian terrain. NASA intends to use Mars Scouts to complement its core missions by focusing on new discoveries, particularly any revelations that might warrant rapid follow-up. The first Scout could be launched between late 2006 and mid- 2007. Mars Surveyor ’98 A two-part mission consisting of the Mars Climate Observer and the Mars Polar Lander, designed to accomplish at lower cost the mission assigned to the failed Mars Observer. However, both of the Surveyor ’98 probes also failed, due largely to human error, which prompted NASA to review and extensively revise its plans for the future exploration of Mars. Mars, unmanned spacecraft See Mariner 3, 4, and 6–9, Mars, Mars 96, Mars 1969 A and B, Mars 2007, Mars Climate Orbiter, Mars Exploration Rovers, Mars Express, Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Observer, Mars Odyssey, Mars Pathfinder, Mars Polar Lander, Mars Reconnaisance Orbiter, Mars Marsnik 265 Scout, Marsnik, Netlander, Nozomi, Phobos, Viking, and Zond 2. 24, 126 (See also the table “Chronology of Mars Probes,” on page 266.) Marshall, George C. (1880–1959) A career Army officer who served as General of the Army and U.S. army chief of staff during World War II. He became secretary of state (1947–1949), then secretary of defense (1950–1951), and he was the author of the European recovery program known to the world as the Marshall Plan; it played a crucial role in reconstructing a Europe ravaged by the war that Marshall had done so much to direct to a victorious end. In recognition of the effects of the Marshall Plan and his contributions to world peace, he received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1953. It was fitting that a NASA center should be named after the only professional soldier to receive the prize, given NASA’s charter to devote itself to the peaceful uses of outer space and yet to cooperate with the military ser- 235, 278 vices. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) A major NASA field center located within the boundaries of the Army’s Redstone Arsenal, in Huntsville, Alabama, which is responsible for developing new space launch vehicles and propulsion systems. Its programs focus on research, technology, design, development, and integration of space transportation and propulsion systems, including both reusable systems for Earth-to-orbit applications and vehicles for orbital transfer and deep space transportation. Marshall also carries out microgravity research and is the home of the Neutral Buoyancy Tank. The center was formed on July 1, 1960, by the transfer of buildings and staff from what was then the Army Ballistic Missile Agency. It subsequently played a central part in the realization of the Jupiter C, Centaur, Skylab, and the Space Shuttle programs, but it is best known for its development of the Saturn class rockets used to launch Apollo. Marsnik Two failed Soviet Mars probes launched on October 10 and 14, 1960. Marsnik 1 and 2 (also known as Mars 1960 A/B and Korabl 4/5) were the first attempted interplanetary spacecraft and were similar in design to Venera 1 with an on-orbit mass of 650 kg. They were intended to investigate interplanetary space between Earth and Mars, study Mars and return surface images from flyby trajectories, and study the effects of extended spaceflight on onboard instruments. Both probes were lost during launch when their third stages failed to ignite. At the time, Soviet premier Khruschev was on a visit to the
266 Martin Marietta United States. Furious at the failures, he insisted that a third probe be hurriedly ready to dispatch before the 1960 launch window closed. On October 23, 1960, the rocket failed to lift off on time, and the Soviet commander, Marshall Nedelin, demanded that the vehicle be examined at once. Ignoring normal safety precautions, the technicians approached the fully fueled rocket, which Chronology of Mars Probes Spacecraft Country Launch Date Notes Marsnik 1 Soviet Union Oct. 10, 1960 Attempted flyby, launch failure Marsnik 2 Soviet Union Oct. 14, 1960 Attempted flyby, launch failure Sputnik 22 Soviet Union Oct. 24, 1962 Attempted flyby Mars 1 Soviet Union Nov. 1, 1962 Flyby, contact lost Sputnik 24 Soviet Union Nov. 4, 1962 Attempted lander Mariner 3 United States Nov. 5, 1964 Attempted flyby Mariner 4 United States Nov. 28, 1964 Flyby Zond 2 Soviet Union Nov. 30, 1964 Flyby, contact lost Mariner 6 United States Feb. 24, 1969 Flyby Mariner 7 United States Mar. 27, 1969 Flyby Mars 1969A Soviet Union Mar. 27, 1969 Attempted orbiter, launch failure Mars 1969B Soviet Union Apr. 2, 1969 Attempted orbiter, launch failure Mariner 8 United States May 8, 1971 Attempted flyby, launch failure Cosmos 419 Soviet Union May 10, 1971 Attempted orbiter/lander Mars 2 Soviet Union May 19, 1971 Orbiter/attempted lander Mars 3 Soviet Union May 28, 1971 Orbiter/lander Mariner 9 United States May 30, 1971 Orbiter Mars 4 Soviet Union Jul. 21, 1973 Flyby, attempted orbiter Mars 5 Soviet Union Jul. 25, 1973 Orbiter Mars 6 Soviet Union Aug. 5, 1973 Lander, contact lost Mars 7 Soviet Union Aug. 9, 1973 Flyby, attempted lander Viking 1 United States Aug. 20, 1975 Orbiter and lander Viking 2 United States Sep. 9, 1975 Orbiter and lander Phobos 1 Soviet Union Jul. 7, 1988 Attempted orbit/Phobos landers Phobos 2 Soviet Union Jul. 12, 1988 Orbiter/attempted Phobos landers Mars Observer United States Sep. 25, 1992 Attempted orbiter, contact lost Mars Global Surveyor United States Nov. 7, 1996 Orbiter Mars 96 Russia Nov. 16, 1996 Attempted orbiter/landers Mars Pathfinder United States Dec. 4, 1996 Lander and rover Nozomi Japan Jul. 3, 1998 Orbiter Mars Climate Observer United States Dec. 11, 1998 Attempted orbiter Mars Polar Lander United States Jan. 3, 1999 Attempted lander and penetrators Mars Odyssey, 2001 United States Apr. 7, 2001 Orbiter suddenly exploded, killing Nedelin and almost the entire launch team. Although denied for years, the story eventually leaked to the West and became known as “The Nedelin Catastrophe.” Martin Marietta See Lockheed Martin.
Page 1 and 2:
The Complete Book of Spaceflight Fr
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Contents Acknowledgments v Introduc
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It is astonishing to think that the
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4 How to Use This Book Energy 1 jou
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6 Able passage through a dusty medi
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8 additive additive A substance add
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10 aerobraking was one of two rocke
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12 aerospace medicine aerospace med
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14 AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sound
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16 ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Sa
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18 ammonium perchlorate (NH 4ClO 4)
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20 aniline (C 6H 5NH 2) aniline (C
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22 antiparticle efficient space pro
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24 whose main task was guidance and
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26 LUNAR MODULE FACTS Height: 6.7 m
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28 intended as simply an Earth-orbi
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30 lunar environment. Conrad inadve
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32 CSM; it transmitted data back to
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34 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)
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36 Ariane orbit on the 11th launch
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38 Ariel Ariel A series of six Brit
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40 Artemis Project ESA devised a fo
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42 asteroid missions asteroid missi
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44 America’s first intercontinent
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46 atmosphere first time in the Atl
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48 Avdeyev, Sergei Avdeyev, Sergei
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50 ballistic missile ballistic miss
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52 Belyayev, Pavel Ivanovich with t
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54 biopak their companions who had
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56 Black Brant in June 1969, a seco
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58 boat-tail deliver a two-ton nucl
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60 boost magazine series on spacefl
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62 BS- (Broadcasting Satellite) to
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64 Buran Program was inaugurated wi
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66 canted nozzle astronaut John You
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68 carrier and as CAPCOM (Capsule C
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70 cast propellant decelerate. Then
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72 Cernan, Eugene Andrew broken bit
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Challenger disaster Following the e
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76 chemical fuel Chelomei turned hi
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78 circular velocity circular veloc
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80 Cluster Cluster An ESA (European
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82 Colombo, Giuseppe “Bepi” Col
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84 Aspacecraft in Earth orbit that
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86 companion body companion body A
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88 Copernicus Observatory longest M
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90 cosmic rays was the responsibili
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92 Crocco, Gaetano Arturo crawler-t
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94 Cunningham, R. Walter cryobot An
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Daedalus, Project One of the first
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98 Dawn preceded, in 2006, by SMART
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100 Deep Space Network (DSN) Deep S
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102 Afamily of launch vehicles deri
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104 (GEMs) for improved performance
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106 de-orbit burn de-orbit burn (co
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108 Dnepr Force base by a Thor Burn
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110 downlink Douglas Skyrocket The
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112 Durant Frederick Clark, III (19
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Early Bird (communications satellit
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116 Edwards Air Force Base Echo A t
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118 Einstein Observatory other idea
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120 electrostatic propulsion electr
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122 energy density accelerate an ob
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124 Eole Envisat Envisat being prep
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126 escape energy Organisation). ES
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128 ETS (Engineering Test Satellite
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130 Evans, Ronald E. used to study
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132 Explorer Launch Explorer Spacec
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134 explosive bolt explosive bolt A
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136 FAIR (Filled-Aperture Infrared
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138 fission, nuclear fission, nucle
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140 flux it also supported AFSATCOM
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142 frequency coordination held) re
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144 FTL (Project Vela) and then as
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146 GAIA (Global Astrometric Interf
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148 gamma rays instruments and the
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150 GEC (Global Electrodynamics Con
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152 Attitude Maneuvering System (OA
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154 down relative to the target bec
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156 Gemini 9/“Angry Alligator”
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158 Genesis launch failed and the v
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160 Geotail Geotail A joint ISAS (J
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162 Glavcosmos John Glenn Glenn don
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164 Glennan, T(homas) Keith istrato
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166 Robert Hutchings Goddard (1882-
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168 Gonets Gonets A Russian messagi
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170 gravitational constant (G) Adva
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172 Griffith, George shot out of a
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174 guidance, midcourse guidance, m
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H series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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178 Hale, William Edward Hale The B
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180 Haruka flight. By the end of 19
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182 Helios (reconnaissance satellit
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184 high mass fraction two Soft X-r
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186 HOPE (H-2 Orbital Plane) instru
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188 human factors NGST (Next Genera
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190 hypoxia hypoxia Oxygen deficien
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192 IDCSP (Initial Defense Communic
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194 inertia inertia The property of
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196 Intelsat (International Telecom
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198 Intercosmos Intercosmos Interna
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200 International Space Station An
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202 The ISS Takes Shape The STS-88
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204 interplanetary magnetic field C
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206 interstellar space problem by h
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208 IRBM (Intermediate Range Ballis
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210 ISAS (Institute of Space and As
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212 IUE (International Ultraviolet
Page 217 and 218: 214 JAS (Japanese Amateur Satellite
Page 219 and 220: 216 Joule Joule An X-ray observator
Page 221 and 222: 218 Jupiter A floodlit Jupiter C is
Page 223 and 224: 220 Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Kenn
Page 225 and 226: 222 Kiwi which he broke the sound b
Page 227 and 228: 224 Kourou In the end, Korolev was
Page 229 and 230: 226 Kummersdorf astronomer Gerard P
Page 231 and 232: L series (Japanese launch vehicles)
Page 233 and 234: 230 Lagrangian orbit carries an arr
Page 235 and 236: 232 laser propulsion Houston. Langl
Page 237 and 238: 234 Lebedev, Valentin V. LDEF Havin
Page 239 and 240: 236 leveled thrust program in space
Page 241 and 242: 238 LiPS (Living Plume Shield) LiPS
Page 243 and 244: 240 Aseries of Chinese launch vehic
Page 245 and 246: 242 Lovell, James Arthur, Jr. Lovel
Page 247 and 248: 244 Aseries of Soviet Moon probes,
Page 249 and 250: 246 On January 15, 1973, Luna 21 to
Page 251 and 252: 248 Lunar Prospector Lunar Prospect
Page 253 and 254: M series (Japanese launch vehicles)
Page 255 and 256: 252 MACSAT (Multiple Access Communi
Page 257 and 258: 254 Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS)
Page 259 and 260: 256 MAP (Microwave Anisotropy Probe
Page 261 and 262: 258 at risk to themselves, started
Page 263 and 264: 260 An early series of Soviet space
Page 265 and 266: 262 Mars Express Mars Express (cont
Page 267: 264 Mars Pathfinder (MPF) help dete
Page 271 and 272: 268 Maul, Alfred MASTIF The MASTIF
Page 273 and 274: 270 MECO (main engine cutoff) recor
Page 275 and 276: 272 the suborbital journey and safe
Page 277 and 278: 274 a drugstore. Glenn also had the
Page 279 and 280: 276 Mercury-Atlas pilots to take th
Page 281 and 282: 278 meteor deflection screen indica
Page 283 and 284: 280 Milstar (Military Strategic and
Page 285 and 286: 282 Alarge and long-lived Russian s
Page 287 and 288: 284 modulation modulation The proce
Page 289 and 290: 286 Mu long-wave infrared. It also
Page 291 and 292: 288 Musudan together. Two of the co
Page 293 and 294: 290 The Soviet counterpart to the S
Page 295 and 296: 292 NASA Institute for Advanced Con
Page 297 and 298: 294 NEAR-Shoemaker (Near-Earth Aste
Page 299 and 300: 296 Newell, Homer E. Newell, Homer
Page 301 and 302: 298 Nova (rocket) Eight of the spac
Page 303 and 304: 300 nuclear propulsion propulsion)
Page 305 and 306: 302 occultation Hermann Oberth Ober
Page 307 and 308: 304 OKB-1 OKB-1 The classified Sovi
Page 309 and 310: 306 ONERA (Office National d’Étu
Page 311 and 312: 308 Orion, Project first century, t
Page 313 and 314: 310 thin surface layer. So brief wa
Page 315 and 316: 312 Osumi OSO (Orbiting Solar Obser
Page 317 and 318: 314 Palapa Paine, Thomas O. Thomas
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316 parking orbit rifled barrel wit
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318 Pegasus (spacecraft) Pegasus (l
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320 Pickering, William Hayward Pick
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322 Early Pioneers Pioneer 3 being
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324 Planet Imager (PI) Planet Image
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326 POES (Polar Operational Environ
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328 pressure suit pressure suit See
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330 Project Daedalus throughout the
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332 PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Ve
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“R” series of Russian missiles
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336 radiation protection in space s
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338 radiometer such as plutonium-23
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340 ranging ranging Techniques for
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342 reentry vehicle materials and t
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344 remaining mass remaining mass T
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346 Rhyolite Rhyolite A series of U
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348 rocket sled rocket sled A sled
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350 Rosetta Rosetta ESA (European S
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352 Rudolph, Arthur L. Rudolph, Art
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354 Soviet Launches Related to Mann
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Sagan, Carl Edward (1934-1996) A pr
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358 An early series of Soviet space
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360 Sander, Friedrich Wilhelm had b
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362 satellite constellation satelli
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364 A 6.5-m ring fixed to the top o
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366 Schirra, Walter (“Wally”) M
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368 Schweikart, Russell (“Rusty
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370 Seamans, Robert C., Jr. vehicle
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372 SERT (Space Electric Rocket Tes
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374 Shah-Nama by the Space Shuttle
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376 SIM (Space Interferometry Missi
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378 An experimental American space
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380 by the Skylab 2 crew. Two furth
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382 SMEX (Small Explorer) Space Fli
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384 Sojourner case,anellipticalorbi
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386 sonic speed sonic speed The spe
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388 Soyuz spacecraft ESA astronaut
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390 space drive propellants and str
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392 space motion sickness (SMS) the
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394 space sail space sail A device
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396 The core vehicle in NASA’s sp
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398 1986, it was decided to build a
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400 Orbiter Jerry Ross, anchored to
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402 Space Studies Board space stati
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404 Spacehab activities for the dis
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406 An airtight fabric suit with fl
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408 spacewalk package. Next, the as
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410 speed of sound speed of sound T
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412 Squanto Terror Sputnik 2 The se
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414 stage pilot for Gemini 3 and pi
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416 John Paul Stapp (1910-1999) An
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418 Starlight Starlight A NASA miss
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420 Stewart Committee Stennis Space
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422 stratosphere stratosphere The l
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424 surveillance satellites milliwa
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426 sweat cooling Launch Date: Dece
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tachyon A hypothetical particle tha
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430 Tenma Telstar Telstar 1, the fi
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432 terrestrial satellite Terrestri
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434 Thor similar to those on the At
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436 thrust chamber At first glance,
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438 Tipu Sultan “Ralph” and “
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440 Alarge intercontinental ballist
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442 Titov, Gherman Stepanovich Tito
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444 TOS (TIROS Operational System)
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446 troposphere TRMM (Tropical Rain
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448 Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolko
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450 Tucker, George three-stage vehi
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UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Sat
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454 umbilical connections for measu
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“V” weapons See article, pages
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458 “V” weapons A captured V-2
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460 Vanguard fired from here in Dec
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462 Vega 1 and 2 seven operational
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464 velocity Vehicle Assembly Build
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466 Viking (launch vehicle) Chronol
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468 as data relays for more than an
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470 visible light visible light Ele
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472 Von Kármán, Theodore liquid-f
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474 The first series of manned Russ
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476 Two identical spacecraft sent t
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WAC Corporal A small liquid-propell
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480 weight these findings to variou
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482 White Sands Missile Range Edwar
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484 wind tunnel orbit, Wind provide
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486 Ahypothetical “tunnel” conn
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X planes U.S. experimental aircraft
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490 X-33 configuration and renamed
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Yangel, Mikhail K. (1911-1971) One
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Zarya See International Space Stati
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496 Aseries of Soviet probes (“zo
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Boldfaced terms indicate entry head
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500 Acronyms and Abbreviations GEO
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502 Acronyms and Abbreviations POES
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1. Abbot, Alison. “Rubbia propose
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506 References 70. “Cyrano de Ber
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508 References 148. Harrison, Alber
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510 References 223. O’Neill, G. K
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512 References 300. Verne, Jules. A
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514 Web Sites British Interplanetar
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516 Web Sites ICO http://www.ico.co
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518 Web Sites Seawinds http://eosps
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Advanced propulsion systems and rel
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illicit cargo ingress Lunar Landing
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Gonets Gorizont ICO IDCSP (Initial
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launch pad launch support and hold-
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Microgravity and technology experim
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special theory of relativity specif
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Rocket science and technology after
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LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facili
Page 539:
hydrobot microsat minisat nanosat n
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