The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

408 spacewalk
package. Next, the astronaut pulls on the flexible
lower torso assembly before rising into the stiff upper
section that hangs on the wall of the airlock. The
upper torso is a hard fiberglass structure that contains
the primary life support system and the display control
module. Connections between the two parts must
be aligned to enable circulation of water and gas into
the liquid cooling ventilation garment and return.
Then the gloves are added and finally the extravehicular
visor and helmet assembly. 171
Russian Spacesuits
The pressure suit worn by Vostok cosmonauts was
hidden under an orange coverall, and the Voskhod 1
crew flew without spacesuits at all. For his Voskhod 2
spacewalk
An excursion outside a spacecraft or space station by an
astronaut wearing only a spacesuit and, possibly, some
sort of maneuvering device. A “standup spacewalk” is
when the astronaut remains partially within the spacecraft;
for example, in the case of a Gemini astronaut who
stands up in his seat with one of the capsule hatches open
while in orbit. Spacewalks and moonwalks are collectively
known as extravehicular activity. The 100th EVA in
history (both U.S. and Soviet, Earth Orbit and Lunar)
occurred on September 15, 1992, when Anatoli Solovyov
and Sergei Avdeyev completed their fourth EVA to install
a 700-kg VDU on the Sofora Girder located on the external
skin of the Kvant module of Mir.
Spadeadam Rocket Establishment
A facility in northern England, opened in the 1950s as a
test site for the development of Britain’s Blue Streak
intermediate range ballistic missile. The first rocket firing
took place in August 1959.
SPARCLE (Space Readiness Coherent
Lidar Experiment)
Also known as EO-2, a flight intended to validate the
technologies needed for a space-based lidar system used
to measure tropospheric winds. It was to have been carried
as a secondary Hitchhiker payload aboard the Space
Shuttle, but it was canceled by NASA in 1999 due to cost
overruns.
Spartan 201
A Shuttle-launched and -retrieved satellite for observing
the Sun. Spartan 201’s science payload consists of two
spacewalk in 1965, Alexi Leonov wore a special suit
that drew supplies from a backpack, suggesting that
this may have been a suit designed for use on the
Moon. Four years later, when the crew of Soyuz 4
transferred to Soyuz 5, they wore a modified suit with
no backpack but with air supplies attached to their
legs. After the Soyuz 11 disaster, all Soviet cosmonauts
wore pressure suits during launch, docking, and
landing, but they began wearing the so-called Orlan
spacesuit for EVAs. Versions of the Orlan suit have
been used by cosmonauts on Salyut and Mir missions,
and now for ISS spacewalks. It consists of flexible
limbs attached to a one-piece rigid body/helmet
unit that is entered through a hatch in the rear of the
torso. The exterior of the hatch houses the lifesupport
equipment.
telescopes: the ultraviolet coronal spectrometer and the
white light coronagraph. To date it has been carried
aboard five Shuttle missions—April 1993 (STS-56), September
1994 (STS-64), September 1995 (STS-69), November
1997 (STS-87), and October 1998 (STS-95). All but
the fourth were successful.
SPAS (Shuttle Pallet Satellite)
A reusable free-flying vehicle built by Messerschmitt-
Bolkow-Blohm that can be deployed and retrieved by the
Space Shuttle’s Remote Manipulator System (RMS).
The original SPAS, with materials processing and SDI
(“Star Wars”)-related sensor payloads, was carried on three
missions but not deployed on the second of these because
of an electrical problem with the RMS.
ORFEUS (Orbiting and Retrievable Far and Extreme
Ultraviolet Spectrometer) was a German astronomical
payload that flew twice aboard SPAS. The main instrument
was a 1-m telescope with extreme ultraviolet and far
ultraviolet spectrometers of high spectral resolution. Also
carried was the Princeton Interstellar Medium Absorption
Profile Spectrograph, which studied the fine structure
of UV absorption lines in stellar spectra caused by
interstellar gas, and several non-astronomy payloads.
CRISTA, equipped for observation of the Earth’s
atmosphere, also flew on two SPAS missions. (See table,
“SPAS Chronology.”)
SPEAR (Spectroscopy of Plasma Evolution from
Astrophysical Radiation)
An instrument to trace the energy flow in the gas
between stars that would form the primary payload of the
Korean KAISTSAT-4 mission, tentatively planned for