The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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emain attached to STEX. However, this experiment failed on January 16, 1989, when, with only 21 m of tether deployed, the tether was so far off vertical that automatic safety systems jettisoned the base to protect the remainder of the STEX satellite. Launch Date: October 3, 1988 Vehicle: Taurus Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base Orbit: 744 × 759 km × 85.0° strap-on booster 421 strap-on booster A rocket motor that is mounted to the first stage of a launch vehicle to provide extra thrust at lift-off and during the first few minutes of ascent. Most strap-ons, as in the case of the Space Shuttle, Titan, Delta, Atlas, and Ariane, are solid-propellant motors. Some Russian launch vehicles have used liquid-propellant engines. Typically, strap-on boosters burn out while the first stage is still firing, separate, and fall back to Earth. For this reason, they are sometimes referred to as a half stage or zero stage. strap-on booster An Ariane 4 with strap-on boosters launching the Inmarsat 3 communications satellite. Lockheed Martin
422 stratosphere stratosphere The layer of Earth’s atmosphere immediately above the troposphere, extending to the mesosphere; that is, between altitudes of 10 to 15 km and 50 km. Strela (1) A Russian space launch vehicle converted from the RS-18 intercontinental ballistic missile (NATO classification: SS-19 Stiletto) and marketed by Space Development Corporation Strela (“arrow”) is 26.7 m long with a takeoff mass of 104 tons and can carry a payload of up to 1,700 kg into low Earth orbit. With production of Cosmos-3M rockets halted in 1995, Russian agencies have few choices other than converted RS-18s and RSD-10Ms, like Strela, Start, and Rockot. Of Russia’s 160 nuclear warhead–bearing RS-18s, 55 must be decommissioned by 2007 under the START 2 treaty. The RS-18 has logged 146 launches over the past 27 years, with 143 of them a complete success. Strela will be launched from Svobodny, Russia’s newest spaceport, a converted facility that used to serve as the base for a military ballistic missile unit. (2) A long-running series of Russian military, store-dump communications satellites, the first of which was launched in 1964. The latest batch of six Strela-3 satellites was placed in highly inclined 1400-km-high orbits by a Tsyklon rocket on December 28, 2001. stressed limits The environmental limits to which the crew may be subjected for limited periods of time such as launch, reentry, and landing. Strughold, Hubertus (1898–1987) A German-born pioneer of space medicine and the author of over 180 papers in the field. Strughold was brought to the United States at the end of World War II as part of Operation Paperclip and subsequently played an important role in developing the pressure suits worn by early American astronauts. In 1949, Strughold was made director of the department of space medicine at the School of Aviation Medicine at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas (now the School of Aerospace Medicine at Brooks Air Force Base, Texas). Randolph’s Aeromedical Library was named after him in 1977, but it was later renamed because documents from the Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal linked Strughold to medical experiments in which inmates from Dachau concentration camp were tortured and killed. STRV (Space Technology Research Vehicle) Satellites designed to allow in-orbit evaluation of new technologies at relatively low cost. The first two, STRV-1A and -1B, were designed, built, and tested at the U.K. Defence Research Agency (DRA) at Farnborough and launched together in 1994. Each of the 52-kg spacecraft carried 14 experiments, most of them associated with ongoing research programs within the DRA’s Space Department. In addition, there is a major international collaborative aspect to the project. The Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO) Materials and Structures Program sponsored four experiments that were built at JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) and flown aboard STRV-1B. ESA (European Space Agency) submitted experiments for STRV-1B. stub fins Short-span aerodynamic surfaces, used on some launch vehicles for control or stabilization purposes. Stuhlinger, Ernst (1913–) A physicist who played an important part in the development of rocket instrumentation, first in Germany during World War II and then in the United States. He earned his Ph.D. at the University of Tübingen in 1936 and continued research into cosmic rays and nuclear physics until 1941 as an assistant professor at the Berlin Institute of Technology. In 1943, while serving in the German army on the Russian front, he was assigned to Wernher von Braun’s rocket development team at Peenemünde, where he worked on guidance and control systems until 1945. After the war, he came to the United States as part of Operation Paperclip to continue work in rocketry, first in Fort Bliss, Texas, and White Sands, New Mexico, and, from 1950 on, at the Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama, which became the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). Stuhlinger was director of the space science laboratory at MSFC (1960–1968) and then its associate director for science (1968–1975), after which he retired and became an adjunct professor and a senior research scientist with the University of Alabama at Huntsville. His main areas of work included guidance and control, instrumentation for scientific investigations, electric space propulsion systems, and space project planning. 280 subcarrier A second signal piggybacked onto a main signal to carry additional information. In satellite television transmission, the video picture is transmitted over the main carrier; the corresponding audio is sent via an FM subcarrier. Some satellite transponders carry as many as four special audio or data subcarriers, whose signals may or may not be related to the main programming. subluminal Less than the speed of light.
Page 1 and 2:
The Complete Book of Spaceflight Fr
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Contents Acknowledgments v Introduc
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It is astonishing to think that the
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4 How to Use This Book Energy 1 jou
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6 Able passage through a dusty medi
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8 additive additive A substance add
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10 aerobraking was one of two rocke
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12 aerospace medicine aerospace med
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14 AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sound
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16 ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Sa
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18 ammonium perchlorate (NH 4ClO 4)
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20 aniline (C 6H 5NH 2) aniline (C
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22 antiparticle efficient space pro
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24 whose main task was guidance and
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26 LUNAR MODULE FACTS Height: 6.7 m
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28 intended as simply an Earth-orbi
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30 lunar environment. Conrad inadve
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32 CSM; it transmitted data back to
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34 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)
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36 Ariane orbit on the 11th launch
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38 Ariel Ariel A series of six Brit
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40 Artemis Project ESA devised a fo
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42 asteroid missions asteroid missi
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44 America’s first intercontinent
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46 atmosphere first time in the Atl
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48 Avdeyev, Sergei Avdeyev, Sergei
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50 ballistic missile ballistic miss
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52 Belyayev, Pavel Ivanovich with t
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54 biopak their companions who had
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56 Black Brant in June 1969, a seco
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58 boat-tail deliver a two-ton nucl
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60 boost magazine series on spacefl
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62 BS- (Broadcasting Satellite) to
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64 Buran Program was inaugurated wi
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66 canted nozzle astronaut John You
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68 carrier and as CAPCOM (Capsule C
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70 cast propellant decelerate. Then
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72 Cernan, Eugene Andrew broken bit
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Challenger disaster Following the e
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76 chemical fuel Chelomei turned hi
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78 circular velocity circular veloc
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80 Cluster Cluster An ESA (European
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82 Colombo, Giuseppe “Bepi” Col
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84 Aspacecraft in Earth orbit that
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86 companion body companion body A
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88 Copernicus Observatory longest M
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90 cosmic rays was the responsibili
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92 Crocco, Gaetano Arturo crawler-t
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94 Cunningham, R. Walter cryobot An
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Daedalus, Project One of the first
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98 Dawn preceded, in 2006, by SMART
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100 Deep Space Network (DSN) Deep S
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102 Afamily of launch vehicles deri
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104 (GEMs) for improved performance
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106 de-orbit burn de-orbit burn (co
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108 Dnepr Force base by a Thor Burn
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110 downlink Douglas Skyrocket The
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112 Durant Frederick Clark, III (19
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Early Bird (communications satellit
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116 Edwards Air Force Base Echo A t
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118 Einstein Observatory other idea
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120 electrostatic propulsion electr
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122 energy density accelerate an ob
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124 Eole Envisat Envisat being prep
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126 escape energy Organisation). ES
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128 ETS (Engineering Test Satellite
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130 Evans, Ronald E. used to study
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132 Explorer Launch Explorer Spacec
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134 explosive bolt explosive bolt A
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136 FAIR (Filled-Aperture Infrared
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138 fission, nuclear fission, nucle
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140 flux it also supported AFSATCOM
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142 frequency coordination held) re
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144 FTL (Project Vela) and then as
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146 GAIA (Global Astrometric Interf
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148 gamma rays instruments and the
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150 GEC (Global Electrodynamics Con
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152 Attitude Maneuvering System (OA
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154 down relative to the target bec
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156 Gemini 9/“Angry Alligator”
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158 Genesis launch failed and the v
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160 Geotail Geotail A joint ISAS (J
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162 Glavcosmos John Glenn Glenn don
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164 Glennan, T(homas) Keith istrato
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166 Robert Hutchings Goddard (1882-
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168 Gonets Gonets A Russian messagi
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170 gravitational constant (G) Adva
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172 Griffith, George shot out of a
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174 guidance, midcourse guidance, m
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H series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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178 Hale, William Edward Hale The B
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180 Haruka flight. By the end of 19
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182 Helios (reconnaissance satellit
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184 high mass fraction two Soft X-r
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186 HOPE (H-2 Orbital Plane) instru
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188 human factors NGST (Next Genera
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190 hypoxia hypoxia Oxygen deficien
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192 IDCSP (Initial Defense Communic
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194 inertia inertia The property of
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196 Intelsat (International Telecom
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198 Intercosmos Intercosmos Interna
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200 International Space Station An
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202 The ISS Takes Shape The STS-88
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204 interplanetary magnetic field C
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206 interstellar space problem by h
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208 IRBM (Intermediate Range Ballis
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210 ISAS (Institute of Space and As
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212 IUE (International Ultraviolet
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214 JAS (Japanese Amateur Satellite
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216 Joule Joule An X-ray observator
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218 Jupiter A floodlit Jupiter C is
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220 Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Kenn
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222 Kiwi which he broke the sound b
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224 Kourou In the end, Korolev was
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226 Kummersdorf astronomer Gerard P
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L series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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230 Lagrangian orbit carries an arr
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232 laser propulsion Houston. Langl
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234 Lebedev, Valentin V. LDEF Havin
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236 leveled thrust program in space
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238 LiPS (Living Plume Shield) LiPS
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240 Aseries of Chinese launch vehic
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242 Lovell, James Arthur, Jr. Lovel
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244 Aseries of Soviet Moon probes,
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246 On January 15, 1973, Luna 21 to
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248 Lunar Prospector Lunar Prospect
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M series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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252 MACSAT (Multiple Access Communi
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254 Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS)
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256 MAP (Microwave Anisotropy Probe
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258 at risk to themselves, started
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260 An early series of Soviet space
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262 Mars Express Mars Express (cont
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264 Mars Pathfinder (MPF) help dete
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266 Martin Marietta United States.
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268 Maul, Alfred MASTIF The MASTIF
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270 MECO (main engine cutoff) recor
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272 the suborbital journey and safe
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274 a drugstore. Glenn also had the
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276 Mercury-Atlas pilots to take th
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278 meteor deflection screen indica
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280 Milstar (Military Strategic and
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282 Alarge and long-lived Russian s
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284 modulation modulation The proce
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286 Mu long-wave infrared. It also
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288 Musudan together. Two of the co
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290 The Soviet counterpart to the S
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292 NASA Institute for Advanced Con
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294 NEAR-Shoemaker (Near-Earth Aste
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296 Newell, Homer E. Newell, Homer
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298 Nova (rocket) Eight of the spac
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300 nuclear propulsion propulsion)
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302 occultation Hermann Oberth Ober
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304 OKB-1 OKB-1 The classified Sovi
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306 ONERA (Office National d’Étu
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308 Orion, Project first century, t
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310 thin surface layer. So brief wa
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312 Osumi OSO (Orbiting Solar Obser
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314 Palapa Paine, Thomas O. Thomas
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316 parking orbit rifled barrel wit
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318 Pegasus (spacecraft) Pegasus (l
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320 Pickering, William Hayward Pick
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322 Early Pioneers Pioneer 3 being
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324 Planet Imager (PI) Planet Image
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326 POES (Polar Operational Environ
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328 pressure suit pressure suit See
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330 Project Daedalus throughout the
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332 PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Ve
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“R” series of Russian missiles
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336 radiation protection in space s
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338 radiometer such as plutonium-23
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340 ranging ranging Techniques for
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342 reentry vehicle materials and t
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344 remaining mass remaining mass T
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346 Rhyolite Rhyolite A series of U
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348 rocket sled rocket sled A sled
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350 Rosetta Rosetta ESA (European S
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352 Rudolph, Arthur L. Rudolph, Art
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354 Soviet Launches Related to Mann
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Sagan, Carl Edward (1934-1996) A pr
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358 An early series of Soviet space
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360 Sander, Friedrich Wilhelm had b
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362 satellite constellation satelli
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364 A 6.5-m ring fixed to the top o
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366 Schirra, Walter (“Wally”) M
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368 Schweikart, Russell (“Rusty
Page 373 and 374: 370 Seamans, Robert C., Jr. vehicle
Page 375 and 376: 372 SERT (Space Electric Rocket Tes
Page 377 and 378: 374 Shah-Nama by the Space Shuttle
Page 379 and 380: 376 SIM (Space Interferometry Missi
Page 381 and 382: 378 An experimental American space
Page 383 and 384: 380 by the Skylab 2 crew. Two furth
Page 385 and 386: 382 SMEX (Small Explorer) Space Fli
Page 387 and 388: 384 Sojourner case,anellipticalorbi
Page 389 and 390: 386 sonic speed sonic speed The spe
Page 391 and 392: 388 Soyuz spacecraft ESA astronaut
Page 393 and 394: 390 space drive propellants and str
Page 395 and 396: 392 space motion sickness (SMS) the
Page 397 and 398: 394 space sail space sail A device
Page 399 and 400: 396 The core vehicle in NASA’s sp
Page 401 and 402: 398 1986, it was decided to build a
Page 403 and 404: 400 Orbiter Jerry Ross, anchored to
Page 405 and 406: 402 Space Studies Board space stati
Page 407 and 408: 404 Spacehab activities for the dis
Page 409 and 410: 406 An airtight fabric suit with fl
Page 411 and 412: 408 spacewalk package. Next, the as
Page 413 and 414: 410 speed of sound speed of sound T
Page 415 and 416: 412 Squanto Terror Sputnik 2 The se
Page 417 and 418: 414 stage pilot for Gemini 3 and pi
Page 419 and 420: 416 John Paul Stapp (1910-1999) An
Page 421 and 422: 418 Starlight Starlight A NASA miss
Page 423: 420 Stewart Committee Stennis Space
Page 427 and 428: 424 surveillance satellites milliwa
Page 429 and 430: 426 sweat cooling Launch Date: Dece
Page 431 and 432: tachyon A hypothetical particle tha
Page 433 and 434: 430 Tenma Telstar Telstar 1, the fi
Page 435 and 436: 432 terrestrial satellite Terrestri
Page 437 and 438: 434 Thor similar to those on the At
Page 439 and 440: 436 thrust chamber At first glance,
Page 441 and 442: 438 Tipu Sultan “Ralph” and “
Page 443 and 444: 440 Alarge intercontinental ballist
Page 445 and 446: 442 Titov, Gherman Stepanovich Tito
Page 447 and 448: 444 TOS (TIROS Operational System)
Page 449 and 450: 446 troposphere TRMM (Tropical Rain
Page 451 and 452: 448 Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolko
Page 453 and 454: 450 Tucker, George three-stage vehi
Page 455 and 456: UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Sat
Page 457 and 458: 454 umbilical connections for measu
Page 459 and 460: “V” weapons See article, pages
Page 461 and 462: 458 “V” weapons A captured V-2
Page 463 and 464: 460 Vanguard fired from here in Dec
Page 465 and 466: 462 Vega 1 and 2 seven operational
Page 467 and 468: 464 velocity Vehicle Assembly Build
Page 469 and 470: 466 Viking (launch vehicle) Chronol
Page 471 and 472: 468 as data relays for more than an
Page 473 and 474: 470 visible light visible light Ele
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472 Von Kármán, Theodore liquid-f
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474 The first series of manned Russ
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476 Two identical spacecraft sent t
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WAC Corporal A small liquid-propell
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480 weight these findings to variou
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482 White Sands Missile Range Edwar
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484 wind tunnel orbit, Wind provide
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486 Ahypothetical “tunnel” conn
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X planes U.S. experimental aircraft
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490 X-33 configuration and renamed
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Yangel, Mikhail K. (1911-1971) One
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Zarya See International Space Stati
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496 Aseries of Soviet probes (“zo
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Boldfaced terms indicate entry head
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500 Acronyms and Abbreviations GEO
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502 Acronyms and Abbreviations POES
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1. Abbot, Alison. “Rubbia propose
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506 References 70. “Cyrano de Ber
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508 References 148. Harrison, Alber
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510 References 223. O’Neill, G. K
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512 References 300. Verne, Jules. A
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514 Web Sites British Interplanetar
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516 Web Sites ICO http://www.ico.co
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518 Web Sites Seawinds http://eosps
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Advanced propulsion systems and rel
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illicit cargo ingress Lunar Landing
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Gonets Gorizont ICO IDCSP (Initial
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launch pad launch support and hold-
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Microgravity and technology experim
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special theory of relativity specif
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Rocket science and technology after
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LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facili
Page 539:
hydrobot microsat minisat nanosat n
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