The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Venera See article, pages 467–468. See also Vega 1 and 2. VentureStar See X-33. Venus, unmanned exploration See Venera 1–16, Zond 1, Mariner 1, 2, 5, and 10, Pioneer Venus 1 and 2, and Magellan. (See table, “Chronology of Venus Exploration,” on page 466.) Venus Surface Sample Return A potential mission beyond 2007 identified in NASA’s Office of Space Science Strategic Plan. It remains in the early concept definition phase. Verein für Raumschiffahrt (VfR) Society for Space Travel. An association of German enthusiasts, formed in 1927, that carried out important development work on liquid-fueled rockets. The stimulus for the society was the publication of Hermann Oberth’s 1923 book, Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen (The Rocket into Interplanetary Space). Impressed by Oberth’s mathematically sound theories that space travel was achievable, the founders of VfR set out to build the types of rockets he described. The group grew in size to about 500 members, produced its own journal, Die Rakete (The Rocket), and obtained permission to use an abandoned ammunition dump in Reinickendorf, a suburb of Berlin, as test site for its projects. The facility soon became known as the Raketenflugplatz (rocket airfield) and served as an early proving ground for several men who would go on to play a key role in the German army’s World War II rocket program. One of the brightest young people involved at the Raketenflugplatz was 19-year-old Wernher von Braun, later chosen to head the army’s rocket development program. By 1932, VfR had fallen on hard times and tried to secure funds from the army for further testing. After a demonstration launch failed to impress attending officers, society members knew their days at the Raketenflugplatz were numbered. Still, the army was impressed by von Braun, and he was invited to write his graduate thesis on rocket combustion at Kummersdorf. After Hitler came to power, Nazi Germany banned all rocket experimentation or rocket discussion outside of the German military. The rocket enthusiasts who had populated the Raketenflugplatz had to abandon their work or continue it in the military. Hauptmann Dornberger was now able to successfully recruit former members of the VfR, many of whom joined the army organization at Kummersdorf. Verne, Jules (1828–1905) A French novelist and playwright, considered one of the founding fathers of science fiction. He launched three Viking (launch vehicle) 465 travelers on a lunar journey in From the Earth to the Moon 299 (1865) and brought them back safely to Earth in the sequel Around the Moon 300 (1870). These tales formed the basis of one of the first science fiction films, Le Voyage dans la Lune (1902), produced by Georges Méliès. vernier engine A very small rocket engine used for fine adjustments of a spacecraft’s velocity and trajectory. VHO (very high orbit) A category that includes all orbits with perigees at or above geosynchronous orbit (GEO) and apogees above GEO, yet remain in orbit around the Earth or Earth- Moon system. Such orbits are often highly elliptical, with apogees several hundred thousand kilometers in altitude. Victory, John F. (1893–1975) An influential administrator with NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics). Victory began work for the government in 1908 as a messenger for the patent office. After becoming the first employee of NACA in 1915, he became its secretary in 1921 and its executive secretary in 1948, in general charge of its administration. When NASA came into being, he served as a special assistant to T. Keith Glennan until his retirement at the end of July 1960. Over the years, he became known as “Mr. Aviation” to his friends, who ranged from Orville Wright to the builders of the fastest jet fighters. Although not an engineer or a technician, he helped NACA achieve working relationships with Congress, where he frequently testified, and with the military services, aerospace industry, and related groups engaged in government-sponsored research and development. Viking (launch vehicle) A U.S. Navy–developed rocket that formed the basis of the Vanguard launch vehicle. Viking started out as a sounding rocket program in 1946 led by Ernst Krause and Milton Rosen and drawing initially upon V-2 technology. From 1949 through 1957, 14 Vikings were built to test innovative features in control, structure, and propulsion, and to launch increasingly large instrument payloads. No two Vikings were identical. The Navy used the rockets to probe the region of the upper atmosphere that affects long-range radio communication and also to examine their potential as a tactical ballistic missile. When deciding which of several options, including the Atlas and the Jupiter C, to use for launching its first artificial satellite, the U.S. government chose the Navy Viking-based Vanguard. 248
466 Viking (launch vehicle) Chronology of Venus Exploration Mission Launch Date Notes Sputnik 7 Feb. 4, 1961 Attempted impact Venera 1 (Sputnik 8) Feb. 12, 1961 Flyby; contact lost Mariner 1 Jul. 22, 1962 Attempted flyby; launch failure Sputnik 19 Aug. 25, 1962 Attempted flyby Mariner 2 Aug. 27, 1962 Flyby Sputnik 20 Sep. 1, 1962 Attempted flyby Sputnik 21 Sep. 12, 1962 Attempted flyby Cosmos 21 Nov. 11, 1963 Possible attempted Venera test flight Venera 1964A Feb. 19, 1964 Attempted flyby; launch failure Venera 1964B Mar. 1, 1964 Attempted flyby; launch failure Cosmos 27 Mar. 27, 1964 Attempted flyby Zond 1 Apr. 2, 1964 Flyby; contact lost Venera 2 Nov. 12, 1965 Flyby; contact lost Venera 3 Nov. 16, 1965 Lander; contact lost Cosmos 96 Nov. 23, 1965 Possible attempted lander Venus 1965A Nov. 23, 1965 Attempted flyby; launch failure Venera 4 Jun. 12, 1967 Descent probe Mariner 5 Jun. 14, 1967 Flyby Cosmos 167 Jun. 17, 1967 Attempted descent probe Venera 5 Jan. 5, 1969 Descent probe Venera 6 Jan. 10, 1969 Descent probe Venera 7 Aug. 17, 1970 Lander Cosmos 359 Aug. 22, 1970 Attempted probe Venera 8 Mar. 27, 1972 Lander Cosmos 482 Mar. 31, 1972 Attempted probe Mariner 10 Nov. 3, 1973 Venus/Mercury flybys Venera 9 Jun. 8, 1975 Orbiter and lander Venera 10 Jun. 14, 1975 Orbiter and lander Pioneer Venus 1 May 20, 1978 Orbiter Pioneer Venus 2 Aug. 8, 1978 Multiprobes Venera 11 Sep. 9, 1978 Orbiter and lander Venera 12 Sep. 14, 1978 Orbiter and lander Venera 13 Oct. 30, 1981 Orbiter and lander Venera 14 Nov. 4, 1981 Orbiter and lander Venera 15 Jun. 2, 1983 Orbiter Venera 16 Jun. 7, 1983 Orbiter Vega 1 Dec. 15, 1984 Lander and balloon/comet Halley flyby Vega 2 Dec. 21, 1984 Lander and balloon/comet Halley flyby Magellan May 4, 1989 Orbiter Galileo Oct. 18, 1989 Flyby; Jupiter orbiter and probe Cassini Oct. 15, 1997 Flyby; Saturn orbiter
Page 1 and 2:
The Complete Book of Spaceflight Fr
Page 3 and 4:
Contents Acknowledgments v Introduc
Page 5 and 6:
It is astonishing to think that the
Page 7 and 8:
4 How to Use This Book Energy 1 jou
Page 9 and 10:
6 Able passage through a dusty medi
Page 11 and 12:
8 additive additive A substance add
Page 13 and 14:
10 aerobraking was one of two rocke
Page 15 and 16:
12 aerospace medicine aerospace med
Page 17 and 18:
14 AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sound
Page 19 and 20:
16 ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Sa
Page 21 and 22:
18 ammonium perchlorate (NH 4ClO 4)
Page 23 and 24:
20 aniline (C 6H 5NH 2) aniline (C
Page 25 and 26:
22 antiparticle efficient space pro
Page 27 and 28:
24 whose main task was guidance and
Page 29 and 30:
26 LUNAR MODULE FACTS Height: 6.7 m
Page 31 and 32:
28 intended as simply an Earth-orbi
Page 33 and 34:
30 lunar environment. Conrad inadve
Page 35 and 36:
32 CSM; it transmitted data back to
Page 37 and 38:
34 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)
Page 39 and 40:
36 Ariane orbit on the 11th launch
Page 41 and 42:
38 Ariel Ariel A series of six Brit
Page 43 and 44:
40 Artemis Project ESA devised a fo
Page 45 and 46:
42 asteroid missions asteroid missi
Page 47 and 48:
44 America’s first intercontinent
Page 49 and 50:
46 atmosphere first time in the Atl
Page 51 and 52:
48 Avdeyev, Sergei Avdeyev, Sergei
Page 53 and 54:
50 ballistic missile ballistic miss
Page 55 and 56:
52 Belyayev, Pavel Ivanovich with t
Page 57 and 58:
54 biopak their companions who had
Page 59 and 60:
56 Black Brant in June 1969, a seco
Page 61 and 62:
58 boat-tail deliver a two-ton nucl
Page 63 and 64:
60 boost magazine series on spacefl
Page 65 and 66:
62 BS- (Broadcasting Satellite) to
Page 67 and 68:
64 Buran Program was inaugurated wi
Page 69 and 70:
66 canted nozzle astronaut John You
Page 71 and 72:
68 carrier and as CAPCOM (Capsule C
Page 73 and 74:
70 cast propellant decelerate. Then
Page 75 and 76:
72 Cernan, Eugene Andrew broken bit
Page 77 and 78:
Challenger disaster Following the e
Page 79 and 80:
76 chemical fuel Chelomei turned hi
Page 81 and 82:
78 circular velocity circular veloc
Page 83 and 84:
80 Cluster Cluster An ESA (European
Page 85 and 86:
82 Colombo, Giuseppe “Bepi” Col
Page 87 and 88:
84 Aspacecraft in Earth orbit that
Page 89 and 90:
86 companion body companion body A
Page 91 and 92:
88 Copernicus Observatory longest M
Page 93 and 94:
90 cosmic rays was the responsibili
Page 95 and 96:
92 Crocco, Gaetano Arturo crawler-t
Page 97 and 98:
94 Cunningham, R. Walter cryobot An
Page 99 and 100:
Daedalus, Project One of the first
Page 101 and 102:
98 Dawn preceded, in 2006, by SMART
Page 103 and 104:
100 Deep Space Network (DSN) Deep S
Page 105 and 106:
102 Afamily of launch vehicles deri
Page 107 and 108:
104 (GEMs) for improved performance
Page 109 and 110:
106 de-orbit burn de-orbit burn (co
Page 111 and 112:
108 Dnepr Force base by a Thor Burn
Page 113 and 114:
110 downlink Douglas Skyrocket The
Page 115 and 116:
112 Durant Frederick Clark, III (19
Page 117 and 118:
Early Bird (communications satellit
Page 119 and 120:
116 Edwards Air Force Base Echo A t
Page 121 and 122:
118 Einstein Observatory other idea
Page 123 and 124:
120 electrostatic propulsion electr
Page 125 and 126:
122 energy density accelerate an ob
Page 127 and 128:
124 Eole Envisat Envisat being prep
Page 129 and 130:
126 escape energy Organisation). ES
Page 131 and 132:
128 ETS (Engineering Test Satellite
Page 133 and 134:
130 Evans, Ronald E. used to study
Page 135 and 136:
132 Explorer Launch Explorer Spacec
Page 137 and 138:
134 explosive bolt explosive bolt A
Page 139 and 140:
136 FAIR (Filled-Aperture Infrared
Page 141 and 142:
138 fission, nuclear fission, nucle
Page 143 and 144:
140 flux it also supported AFSATCOM
Page 145 and 146:
142 frequency coordination held) re
Page 147 and 148:
144 FTL (Project Vela) and then as
Page 149 and 150:
146 GAIA (Global Astrometric Interf
Page 151 and 152:
148 gamma rays instruments and the
Page 153 and 154:
150 GEC (Global Electrodynamics Con
Page 155 and 156:
152 Attitude Maneuvering System (OA
Page 157 and 158:
154 down relative to the target bec
Page 159 and 160:
156 Gemini 9/“Angry Alligator”
Page 161 and 162:
158 Genesis launch failed and the v
Page 163 and 164:
160 Geotail Geotail A joint ISAS (J
Page 165 and 166:
162 Glavcosmos John Glenn Glenn don
Page 167 and 168:
164 Glennan, T(homas) Keith istrato
Page 169 and 170:
166 Robert Hutchings Goddard (1882-
Page 171 and 172:
168 Gonets Gonets A Russian messagi
Page 173 and 174:
170 gravitational constant (G) Adva
Page 175 and 176:
172 Griffith, George shot out of a
Page 177 and 178:
174 guidance, midcourse guidance, m
Page 179 and 180:
H series (Japanese launch vehicles)
Page 181 and 182:
178 Hale, William Edward Hale The B
Page 183 and 184:
180 Haruka flight. By the end of 19
Page 185 and 186:
182 Helios (reconnaissance satellit
Page 187 and 188:
184 high mass fraction two Soft X-r
Page 189 and 190:
186 HOPE (H-2 Orbital Plane) instru
Page 191 and 192:
188 human factors NGST (Next Genera
Page 193 and 194:
190 hypoxia hypoxia Oxygen deficien
Page 195 and 196:
192 IDCSP (Initial Defense Communic
Page 197 and 198:
194 inertia inertia The property of
Page 199 and 200:
196 Intelsat (International Telecom
Page 201 and 202:
198 Intercosmos Intercosmos Interna
Page 203 and 204:
200 International Space Station An
Page 205 and 206:
202 The ISS Takes Shape The STS-88
Page 207 and 208:
204 interplanetary magnetic field C
Page 209 and 210:
206 interstellar space problem by h
Page 211 and 212:
208 IRBM (Intermediate Range Ballis
Page 213 and 214:
210 ISAS (Institute of Space and As
Page 215 and 216:
212 IUE (International Ultraviolet
Page 217 and 218:
214 JAS (Japanese Amateur Satellite
Page 219 and 220:
216 Joule Joule An X-ray observator
Page 221 and 222:
218 Jupiter A floodlit Jupiter C is
Page 223 and 224:
220 Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Kenn
Page 225 and 226:
222 Kiwi which he broke the sound b
Page 227 and 228:
224 Kourou In the end, Korolev was
Page 229 and 230:
226 Kummersdorf astronomer Gerard P
Page 231 and 232:
L series (Japanese launch vehicles)
Page 233 and 234:
230 Lagrangian orbit carries an arr
Page 235 and 236:
232 laser propulsion Houston. Langl
Page 237 and 238:
234 Lebedev, Valentin V. LDEF Havin
Page 239 and 240:
236 leveled thrust program in space
Page 241 and 242:
238 LiPS (Living Plume Shield) LiPS
Page 243 and 244:
240 Aseries of Chinese launch vehic
Page 245 and 246:
242 Lovell, James Arthur, Jr. Lovel
Page 247 and 248:
244 Aseries of Soviet Moon probes,
Page 249 and 250:
246 On January 15, 1973, Luna 21 to
Page 251 and 252:
248 Lunar Prospector Lunar Prospect
Page 253 and 254:
M series (Japanese launch vehicles)
Page 255 and 256:
252 MACSAT (Multiple Access Communi
Page 257 and 258:
254 Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS)
Page 259 and 260:
256 MAP (Microwave Anisotropy Probe
Page 261 and 262:
258 at risk to themselves, started
Page 263 and 264:
260 An early series of Soviet space
Page 265 and 266:
262 Mars Express Mars Express (cont
Page 267 and 268:
264 Mars Pathfinder (MPF) help dete
Page 269 and 270:
266 Martin Marietta United States.
Page 271 and 272:
268 Maul, Alfred MASTIF The MASTIF
Page 273 and 274:
270 MECO (main engine cutoff) recor
Page 275 and 276:
272 the suborbital journey and safe
Page 277 and 278:
274 a drugstore. Glenn also had the
Page 279 and 280:
276 Mercury-Atlas pilots to take th
Page 281 and 282:
278 meteor deflection screen indica
Page 283 and 284:
280 Milstar (Military Strategic and
Page 285 and 286:
282 Alarge and long-lived Russian s
Page 287 and 288:
284 modulation modulation The proce
Page 289 and 290:
286 Mu long-wave infrared. It also
Page 291 and 292:
288 Musudan together. Two of the co
Page 293 and 294:
290 The Soviet counterpart to the S
Page 295 and 296:
292 NASA Institute for Advanced Con
Page 297 and 298:
294 NEAR-Shoemaker (Near-Earth Aste
Page 299 and 300:
296 Newell, Homer E. Newell, Homer
Page 301 and 302:
298 Nova (rocket) Eight of the spac
Page 303 and 304:
300 nuclear propulsion propulsion)
Page 305 and 306:
302 occultation Hermann Oberth Ober
Page 307 and 308:
304 OKB-1 OKB-1 The classified Sovi
Page 309 and 310:
306 ONERA (Office National d’Étu
Page 311 and 312:
308 Orion, Project first century, t
Page 313 and 314:
310 thin surface layer. So brief wa
Page 315 and 316:
312 Osumi OSO (Orbiting Solar Obser
Page 317 and 318:
314 Palapa Paine, Thomas O. Thomas
Page 319 and 320:
316 parking orbit rifled barrel wit
Page 321 and 322:
318 Pegasus (spacecraft) Pegasus (l
Page 323 and 324:
320 Pickering, William Hayward Pick
Page 325 and 326:
322 Early Pioneers Pioneer 3 being
Page 327 and 328:
324 Planet Imager (PI) Planet Image
Page 329 and 330:
326 POES (Polar Operational Environ
Page 331 and 332:
328 pressure suit pressure suit See
Page 333 and 334:
330 Project Daedalus throughout the
Page 335 and 336:
332 PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Ve
Page 337 and 338:
“R” series of Russian missiles
Page 339 and 340:
336 radiation protection in space s
Page 341 and 342:
338 radiometer such as plutonium-23
Page 343 and 344:
340 ranging ranging Techniques for
Page 345 and 346:
342 reentry vehicle materials and t
Page 347 and 348:
344 remaining mass remaining mass T
Page 349 and 350:
346 Rhyolite Rhyolite A series of U
Page 351 and 352:
348 rocket sled rocket sled A sled
Page 353 and 354:
350 Rosetta Rosetta ESA (European S
Page 355 and 356:
352 Rudolph, Arthur L. Rudolph, Art
Page 357 and 358:
354 Soviet Launches Related to Mann
Page 359 and 360:
Sagan, Carl Edward (1934-1996) A pr
Page 361 and 362:
358 An early series of Soviet space
Page 363 and 364:
360 Sander, Friedrich Wilhelm had b
Page 365 and 366:
362 satellite constellation satelli
Page 367 and 368:
364 A 6.5-m ring fixed to the top o
Page 369 and 370:
366 Schirra, Walter (“Wally”) M
Page 371 and 372:
368 Schweikart, Russell (“Rusty
Page 373 and 374:
370 Seamans, Robert C., Jr. vehicle
Page 375 and 376:
372 SERT (Space Electric Rocket Tes
Page 377 and 378:
374 Shah-Nama by the Space Shuttle
Page 379 and 380:
376 SIM (Space Interferometry Missi
Page 381 and 382:
378 An experimental American space
Page 383 and 384:
380 by the Skylab 2 crew. Two furth
Page 385 and 386:
382 SMEX (Small Explorer) Space Fli
Page 387 and 388:
384 Sojourner case,anellipticalorbi
Page 389 and 390:
386 sonic speed sonic speed The spe
Page 391 and 392:
388 Soyuz spacecraft ESA astronaut
Page 393 and 394:
390 space drive propellants and str
Page 395 and 396:
392 space motion sickness (SMS) the
Page 397 and 398:
394 space sail space sail A device
Page 399 and 400:
396 The core vehicle in NASA’s sp
Page 401 and 402:
398 1986, it was decided to build a
Page 403 and 404:
400 Orbiter Jerry Ross, anchored to
Page 405 and 406:
402 Space Studies Board space stati
Page 407 and 408:
404 Spacehab activities for the dis
Page 409 and 410:
406 An airtight fabric suit with fl
Page 411 and 412:
408 spacewalk package. Next, the as
Page 413 and 414:
410 speed of sound speed of sound T
Page 415 and 416:
412 Squanto Terror Sputnik 2 The se
Page 417 and 418: 414 stage pilot for Gemini 3 and pi
Page 419 and 420: 416 John Paul Stapp (1910-1999) An
Page 421 and 422: 418 Starlight Starlight A NASA miss
Page 423 and 424: 420 Stewart Committee Stennis Space
Page 425 and 426: 422 stratosphere stratosphere The l
Page 427 and 428: 424 surveillance satellites milliwa
Page 429 and 430: 426 sweat cooling Launch Date: Dece
Page 431 and 432: tachyon A hypothetical particle tha
Page 433 and 434: 430 Tenma Telstar Telstar 1, the fi
Page 435 and 436: 432 terrestrial satellite Terrestri
Page 437 and 438: 434 Thor similar to those on the At
Page 439 and 440: 436 thrust chamber At first glance,
Page 441 and 442: 438 Tipu Sultan “Ralph” and “
Page 443 and 444: 440 Alarge intercontinental ballist
Page 445 and 446: 442 Titov, Gherman Stepanovich Tito
Page 447 and 448: 444 TOS (TIROS Operational System)
Page 449 and 450: 446 troposphere TRMM (Tropical Rain
Page 451 and 452: 448 Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolko
Page 453 and 454: 450 Tucker, George three-stage vehi
Page 455 and 456: UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Sat
Page 457 and 458: 454 umbilical connections for measu
Page 459 and 460: “V” weapons See article, pages
Page 461 and 462: 458 “V” weapons A captured V-2
Page 463 and 464: 460 Vanguard fired from here in Dec
Page 465 and 466: 462 Vega 1 and 2 seven operational
Page 467: 464 velocity Vehicle Assembly Build
Page 471 and 472: 468 as data relays for more than an
Page 473 and 474: 470 visible light visible light Ele
Page 475 and 476: 472 Von Kármán, Theodore liquid-f
Page 477 and 478: 474 The first series of manned Russ
Page 479 and 480: 476 Two identical spacecraft sent t
Page 481 and 482: WAC Corporal A small liquid-propell
Page 483 and 484: 480 weight these findings to variou
Page 485 and 486: 482 White Sands Missile Range Edwar
Page 487 and 488: 484 wind tunnel orbit, Wind provide
Page 489 and 490: 486 Ahypothetical “tunnel” conn
Page 491 and 492: X planes U.S. experimental aircraft
Page 493 and 494: 490 X-33 configuration and renamed
Page 495 and 496: Yangel, Mikhail K. (1911-1971) One
Page 497 and 498: Zarya See International Space Stati
Page 499 and 500: 496 Aseries of Soviet probes (“zo
Page 501 and 502: Boldfaced terms indicate entry head
Page 503 and 504: 500 Acronyms and Abbreviations GEO
Page 505 and 506: 502 Acronyms and Abbreviations POES
Page 507 and 508: 1. Abbot, Alison. “Rubbia propose
Page 509 and 510: 506 References 70. “Cyrano de Ber
Page 511 and 512: 508 References 148. Harrison, Alber
Page 513 and 514: 510 References 223. O’Neill, G. K
Page 515 and 516: 512 References 300. Verne, Jules. A
Page 517 and 518: 514 Web Sites British Interplanetar
Page 519 and 520:
516 Web Sites ICO http://www.ico.co
Page 521 and 522:
518 Web Sites Seawinds http://eosps
Page 523 and 524:
Advanced propulsion systems and rel
Page 525 and 526:
illicit cargo ingress Lunar Landing
Page 527 and 528:
Gonets Gorizont ICO IDCSP (Initial
Page 529 and 530:
launch pad launch support and hold-
Page 531 and 532:
Microgravity and technology experim
Page 533 and 534:
special theory of relativity specif
Page 535 and 536:
Rocket science and technology after
Page 537 and 538:
LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facili
Page 539:
hydrobot microsat minisat nanosat n
show all

The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?