The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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Island One See O’Neill-type space colony. ISO (Infrared Space Observatory) ESA (European Space Agency) 0.6-m-diameter spaceborne infrared telescope. With instrumentation that included a camera, an imaging photopolarimeter, and two spectrometers, ISO was designed to make observations at wavelengths of 2.5 to 200 microns. Among its most important discoveries is that a large fraction of young stars are surrounded by disks of gas and dust out of which planetary systems might form. ISO operated between November 1995 and May 1998. Launch Date: November 17, 1995 Vehicle: Ariane 44P Orbit: 1,110 × 70,054 km × 5° Size: 5.3 × 3.6 ×2.8 m Mass at launch: 2,400 kg Israel in space Israel’s space interests are managed by the Israeli Space Agency (ISA), which is based in Tel Aviv and was established in 1983 as part of the Israel Defense Forces. ISA pursues space programs jointly with Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI), the Interdisciplinary Center for Technological Analysis and Forecasting of Tel Aviv University, and the National Committee for Space Research of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. IAI produces the Shavit launch vehicle, which was used to place Israel’s first satellite, Ofeq-1, in low Earth orbit on September 19, 1988. Several other Ofeq launches from the Palmachim military base—not all successful—have taken place since, the most recent in 2002. Israel also takes part ISIS Missions ITOS (Improved TIROS Operating System) 211 Spacecraft Launch Date Orbit Mass (kg) ISIS 1 Jan. 30, 1969 574 × 3,470 km × 88.4° 241 ISIS 2 Apr. 1, 1971 1,353 × 1,423 km × 88.2° 264 ISS Missions in international space missions, and the first Israeli astronaut, Ilan Ramon, was scheduled to fly aboard the Space Shuttle on mission STS-107 in the second half of 2002. ISS (Ionospheric Sounding Satellite) A pair of Japanese satellites, launched by NASDA (National Space Development Agency) and also known by their national name Ume (“plum”), that collected data on the ionosphere to aid in short-wave radio communication. Their instruments included an ionospheric sounder, a radio noise receiver, plasma measuring equipment, and an ion mass spectrometer. (See table, “ISS Missions.”) Launch Vehicle: N-1 Site: Tanegashima Size: 3.9 × 0.8 m ITM Wave Imaging A cluster of satellites equipped with high-resolution visible and infrared sensors to image atmospheric waves that link the troposphere and upper atmosphere and redistribute energy within the ionosphere-thermospheremesosphere (ITM) system. The observations of such a system would improve understanding of the generation and loss mechanisms of ITM waves, their interactions, and their role in energy transport within the upper atmosphere. The ITM Wave Imaging mission remains in the early concept definition phase, but it has been identified in NASA’s Office of Space Science Strategic Plan as a potential mission beyond 2007. ITOS (Improved TIROS Operating System) A series of American weather satellites, launched between 1970 and 1976, that followed on from the TIROS series. Spacecraft Launch Date Orbit Mass (kg) ISS 1 Feb. 26, 1976 988 × 1,003 km × 69.7° 139 ISS 2 Feb. 16, 1978 973 × 1,216 km × 69.4° 140
212 IUE (International Ultraviolet Explorer) ITOS-1 was also known as TIROS M, but later spacecraft in the series were given NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) designations after NOAA took over the management of the program from ESSA (Environmental Science Services Administration). IUE (International Ultraviolet Explorer) The first satellite totally dedicated to ultraviolet astronomy. A joint NASA-ESA (European Space Agency) mission, IUE carried a 45-cm-diameter telescope and two spectrographs for use in the range of 115 to 320 nm. It operated successfully for more than 18 years—the longest- lived astronomical satellite—until it was switched off in September 1996. Launch Date: January 26, 1978 Vehicle: Delta 2914 Site: Cape Canaveral Orbit: 30,285 × 41,296 km × 34.3° Mass: 672 kg Ivan Ivanovich See Korabl-Sputnik.
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The Complete Book of Spaceflight Fr
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Contents Acknowledgments v Introduc
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It is astonishing to think that the
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4 How to Use This Book Energy 1 jou
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6 Able passage through a dusty medi
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8 additive additive A substance add
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10 aerobraking was one of two rocke
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12 aerospace medicine aerospace med
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14 AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sound
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16 ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Sa
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18 ammonium perchlorate (NH 4ClO 4)
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20 aniline (C 6H 5NH 2) aniline (C
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22 antiparticle efficient space pro
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24 whose main task was guidance and
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26 LUNAR MODULE FACTS Height: 6.7 m
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28 intended as simply an Earth-orbi
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30 lunar environment. Conrad inadve
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32 CSM; it transmitted data back to
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34 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)
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36 Ariane orbit on the 11th launch
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38 Ariel Ariel A series of six Brit
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40 Artemis Project ESA devised a fo
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42 asteroid missions asteroid missi
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44 America’s first intercontinent
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46 atmosphere first time in the Atl
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48 Avdeyev, Sergei Avdeyev, Sergei
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50 ballistic missile ballistic miss
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52 Belyayev, Pavel Ivanovich with t
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54 biopak their companions who had
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56 Black Brant in June 1969, a seco
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58 boat-tail deliver a two-ton nucl
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60 boost magazine series on spacefl
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62 BS- (Broadcasting Satellite) to
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64 Buran Program was inaugurated wi
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66 canted nozzle astronaut John You
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68 carrier and as CAPCOM (Capsule C
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70 cast propellant decelerate. Then
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72 Cernan, Eugene Andrew broken bit
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Challenger disaster Following the e
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76 chemical fuel Chelomei turned hi
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78 circular velocity circular veloc
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80 Cluster Cluster An ESA (European
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82 Colombo, Giuseppe “Bepi” Col
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84 Aspacecraft in Earth orbit that
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86 companion body companion body A
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88 Copernicus Observatory longest M
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90 cosmic rays was the responsibili
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92 Crocco, Gaetano Arturo crawler-t
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94 Cunningham, R. Walter cryobot An
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Daedalus, Project One of the first
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98 Dawn preceded, in 2006, by SMART
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100 Deep Space Network (DSN) Deep S
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102 Afamily of launch vehicles deri
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104 (GEMs) for improved performance
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106 de-orbit burn de-orbit burn (co
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108 Dnepr Force base by a Thor Burn
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110 downlink Douglas Skyrocket The
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112 Durant Frederick Clark, III (19
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Early Bird (communications satellit
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116 Edwards Air Force Base Echo A t
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118 Einstein Observatory other idea
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120 electrostatic propulsion electr
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122 energy density accelerate an ob
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124 Eole Envisat Envisat being prep
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126 escape energy Organisation). ES
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128 ETS (Engineering Test Satellite
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130 Evans, Ronald E. used to study
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132 Explorer Launch Explorer Spacec
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134 explosive bolt explosive bolt A
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136 FAIR (Filled-Aperture Infrared
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138 fission, nuclear fission, nucle
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140 flux it also supported AFSATCOM
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142 frequency coordination held) re
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144 FTL (Project Vela) and then as
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146 GAIA (Global Astrometric Interf
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148 gamma rays instruments and the
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150 GEC (Global Electrodynamics Con
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152 Attitude Maneuvering System (OA
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154 down relative to the target bec
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156 Gemini 9/“Angry Alligator”
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158 Genesis launch failed and the v
Page 163 and 164: 160 Geotail Geotail A joint ISAS (J
Page 165 and 166: 162 Glavcosmos John Glenn Glenn don
Page 167 and 168: 164 Glennan, T(homas) Keith istrato
Page 169 and 170: 166 Robert Hutchings Goddard (1882-
Page 171 and 172: 168 Gonets Gonets A Russian messagi
Page 173 and 174: 170 gravitational constant (G) Adva
Page 175 and 176: 172 Griffith, George shot out of a
Page 177 and 178: 174 guidance, midcourse guidance, m
Page 179 and 180: H series (Japanese launch vehicles)
Page 181 and 182: 178 Hale, William Edward Hale The B
Page 183 and 184: 180 Haruka flight. By the end of 19
Page 185 and 186: 182 Helios (reconnaissance satellit
Page 187 and 188: 184 high mass fraction two Soft X-r
Page 189 and 190: 186 HOPE (H-2 Orbital Plane) instru
Page 191 and 192: 188 human factors NGST (Next Genera
Page 193 and 194: 190 hypoxia hypoxia Oxygen deficien
Page 195 and 196: 192 IDCSP (Initial Defense Communic
Page 197 and 198: 194 inertia inertia The property of
Page 199 and 200: 196 Intelsat (International Telecom
Page 201 and 202: 198 Intercosmos Intercosmos Interna
Page 203 and 204: 200 International Space Station An
Page 205 and 206: 202 The ISS Takes Shape The STS-88
Page 207 and 208: 204 interplanetary magnetic field C
Page 209 and 210: 206 interstellar space problem by h
Page 211 and 212: 208 IRBM (Intermediate Range Ballis
Page 213: 210 ISAS (Institute of Space and As
Page 217 and 218: 214 JAS (Japanese Amateur Satellite
Page 219 and 220: 216 Joule Joule An X-ray observator
Page 221 and 222: 218 Jupiter A floodlit Jupiter C is
Page 223 and 224: 220 Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Kenn
Page 225 and 226: 222 Kiwi which he broke the sound b
Page 227 and 228: 224 Kourou In the end, Korolev was
Page 229 and 230: 226 Kummersdorf astronomer Gerard P
Page 231 and 232: L series (Japanese launch vehicles)
Page 233 and 234: 230 Lagrangian orbit carries an arr
Page 235 and 236: 232 laser propulsion Houston. Langl
Page 237 and 238: 234 Lebedev, Valentin V. LDEF Havin
Page 239 and 240: 236 leveled thrust program in space
Page 241 and 242: 238 LiPS (Living Plume Shield) LiPS
Page 243 and 244: 240 Aseries of Chinese launch vehic
Page 245 and 246: 242 Lovell, James Arthur, Jr. Lovel
Page 247 and 248: 244 Aseries of Soviet Moon probes,
Page 249 and 250: 246 On January 15, 1973, Luna 21 to
Page 251 and 252: 248 Lunar Prospector Lunar Prospect
Page 253 and 254: M series (Japanese launch vehicles)
Page 255 and 256: 252 MACSAT (Multiple Access Communi
Page 257 and 258: 254 Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS)
Page 259 and 260: 256 MAP (Microwave Anisotropy Probe
Page 261 and 262: 258 at risk to themselves, started
Page 263 and 264: 260 An early series of Soviet space
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262 Mars Express Mars Express (cont
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264 Mars Pathfinder (MPF) help dete
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266 Martin Marietta United States.
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268 Maul, Alfred MASTIF The MASTIF
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270 MECO (main engine cutoff) recor
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272 the suborbital journey and safe
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274 a drugstore. Glenn also had the
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276 Mercury-Atlas pilots to take th
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278 meteor deflection screen indica
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280 Milstar (Military Strategic and
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282 Alarge and long-lived Russian s
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284 modulation modulation The proce
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286 Mu long-wave infrared. It also
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288 Musudan together. Two of the co
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290 The Soviet counterpart to the S
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292 NASA Institute for Advanced Con
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294 NEAR-Shoemaker (Near-Earth Aste
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296 Newell, Homer E. Newell, Homer
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298 Nova (rocket) Eight of the spac
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300 nuclear propulsion propulsion)
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302 occultation Hermann Oberth Ober
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304 OKB-1 OKB-1 The classified Sovi
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306 ONERA (Office National d’Étu
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308 Orion, Project first century, t
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310 thin surface layer. So brief wa
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312 Osumi OSO (Orbiting Solar Obser
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314 Palapa Paine, Thomas O. Thomas
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316 parking orbit rifled barrel wit
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318 Pegasus (spacecraft) Pegasus (l
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320 Pickering, William Hayward Pick
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322 Early Pioneers Pioneer 3 being
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324 Planet Imager (PI) Planet Image
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326 POES (Polar Operational Environ
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328 pressure suit pressure suit See
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330 Project Daedalus throughout the
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332 PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Ve
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“R” series of Russian missiles
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336 radiation protection in space s
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338 radiometer such as plutonium-23
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340 ranging ranging Techniques for
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342 reentry vehicle materials and t
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344 remaining mass remaining mass T
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346 Rhyolite Rhyolite A series of U
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348 rocket sled rocket sled A sled
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350 Rosetta Rosetta ESA (European S
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352 Rudolph, Arthur L. Rudolph, Art
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354 Soviet Launches Related to Mann
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Sagan, Carl Edward (1934-1996) A pr
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358 An early series of Soviet space
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360 Sander, Friedrich Wilhelm had b
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362 satellite constellation satelli
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364 A 6.5-m ring fixed to the top o
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366 Schirra, Walter (“Wally”) M
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368 Schweikart, Russell (“Rusty
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370 Seamans, Robert C., Jr. vehicle
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372 SERT (Space Electric Rocket Tes
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374 Shah-Nama by the Space Shuttle
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376 SIM (Space Interferometry Missi
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378 An experimental American space
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380 by the Skylab 2 crew. Two furth
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382 SMEX (Small Explorer) Space Fli
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384 Sojourner case,anellipticalorbi
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386 sonic speed sonic speed The spe
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388 Soyuz spacecraft ESA astronaut
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390 space drive propellants and str
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392 space motion sickness (SMS) the
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394 space sail space sail A device
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396 The core vehicle in NASA’s sp
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398 1986, it was decided to build a
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400 Orbiter Jerry Ross, anchored to
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402 Space Studies Board space stati
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404 Spacehab activities for the dis
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406 An airtight fabric suit with fl
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408 spacewalk package. Next, the as
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410 speed of sound speed of sound T
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412 Squanto Terror Sputnik 2 The se
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414 stage pilot for Gemini 3 and pi
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416 John Paul Stapp (1910-1999) An
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418 Starlight Starlight A NASA miss
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420 Stewart Committee Stennis Space
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422 stratosphere stratosphere The l
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424 surveillance satellites milliwa
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426 sweat cooling Launch Date: Dece
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tachyon A hypothetical particle tha
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430 Tenma Telstar Telstar 1, the fi
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432 terrestrial satellite Terrestri
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434 Thor similar to those on the At
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436 thrust chamber At first glance,
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438 Tipu Sultan “Ralph” and “
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440 Alarge intercontinental ballist
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442 Titov, Gherman Stepanovich Tito
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444 TOS (TIROS Operational System)
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446 troposphere TRMM (Tropical Rain
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448 Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolko
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450 Tucker, George three-stage vehi
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UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Sat
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454 umbilical connections for measu
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“V” weapons See article, pages
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458 “V” weapons A captured V-2
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460 Vanguard fired from here in Dec
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462 Vega 1 and 2 seven operational
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464 velocity Vehicle Assembly Build
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466 Viking (launch vehicle) Chronol
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468 as data relays for more than an
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470 visible light visible light Ele
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472 Von Kármán, Theodore liquid-f
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474 The first series of manned Russ
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476 Two identical spacecraft sent t
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WAC Corporal A small liquid-propell
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480 weight these findings to variou
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482 White Sands Missile Range Edwar
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484 wind tunnel orbit, Wind provide
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486 Ahypothetical “tunnel” conn
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X planes U.S. experimental aircraft
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490 X-33 configuration and renamed
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Yangel, Mikhail K. (1911-1971) One
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Zarya See International Space Stati
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496 Aseries of Soviet probes (“zo
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Boldfaced terms indicate entry head
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500 Acronyms and Abbreviations GEO
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502 Acronyms and Abbreviations POES
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1. Abbot, Alison. “Rubbia propose
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506 References 70. “Cyrano de Ber
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508 References 148. Harrison, Alber
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510 References 223. O’Neill, G. K
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512 References 300. Verne, Jules. A
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514 Web Sites British Interplanetar
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516 Web Sites ICO http://www.ico.co
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518 Web Sites Seawinds http://eosps
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Advanced propulsion systems and rel
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illicit cargo ingress Lunar Landing
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Gonets Gorizont ICO IDCSP (Initial
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launch pad launch support and hold-
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Microgravity and technology experim
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special theory of relativity specif
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Rocket science and technology after
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LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facili
Page 539:
hydrobot microsat minisat nanosat n
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The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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