The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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German Luftwaffe. Among other things, he constructed ramjet engines, which he tested on a Dornier 217 in April 1942. At the same time, his ideas on hypersonic aircraft began to take shape, and he proposed a winged rocket bomber that would skip in and out of the atmosphere to increase its range. After World War II, Sänger’s work served as the basis for the development of the X-15 and, ultimately, the Space Shuttle. From 1946 to 1954, Sänger served as a consultant engineer in France, where he worked mainly on developing rocket and large ramjet engines. 258 In 1954, he returned to Germany to take up a post at Stuttgart Technical University. Subsequently, he consulted for a number of German aerospace companies, assisting, for example, the Junkers Works (1961–1964) in their studies on the development of a European spacecraft. Work by Sänger also laid the foundations for the Sänger Project, a concept for a two-stage, reusable space plane for inexpensively transporting crews and payloads to and from orbit. In 1953, he suggested a design for a photon rocket, propelled by gamma rays produced by the annihilation of electrons with positrons. Sarabhai, Vikram Ambalal (1919–1971) A leading pioneer of India’s space program. Born into a wealthy business family, Sarabhai broke with tradition and chose to enter science. He earned a Ph.D. in physics in England and studied cosmic rays with the eminent physicist C. V. Raman at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. In 1948, he founded the Physical Research Laboratory in Ahmedabad, which later served as the nucleus of India’s space program. Sarabhai expanded the Indian Space Research Organisation, oversaw India’s first satellite Aryabhatta in 1975, and initiated the Satellite Instructional Television experiment (SITE). When SITE was put into action in 1975–1976, after Sarabhai’s death, it brought education to 5 million people in 2,400 Indian villages. SARSAT (Search and Rescue Satellites) A system based on American, Soviet, and French satellites. The Soviet part of the system was known as COSPAS. SAS Missions Launch site: San Marco satellite 361 SAS (Small Astronomy Satellite) A series of NASA spacecraft placed in orbit in the 1970s to observe celestial X-ray and gamma-ray sources. (See table, “SAS Missions.”) SAS-1 The first Earth-orbiting mission dedicated to X-ray astronomy. Launched from the San Marco platform off the coast of Kenya on the seventh anniversary of Kenyan independence, SAS-1 was renamed “Uhuru,” which is Swahili for “freedom.” It carried out observations in the 2 to 20 keV energy range, discovering 200 X-ray sources and finding evidence of the first known black hole. It stopped operating on April 5, 1979. Also known as Explorer 42. SAS-2 A gamma-ray astronomy satellite sensitive in the energy range 20 MeV to 1 GeV. On June 8, 1973, a failure of the spacecraft’s low-voltage power supply ended its mission. Also known as Explorer 48. SAS-3 An X-ray astronomy satellite with three major scientific objectives: to fix the location of bright X-ray sources to an accuracy of 15 arcseconds, to study selected sources over the energy range of 0.1 to 55 keV, and to search the sky continuously for X-ray novae, flares, and other transient (short-lived) phenomena. It stopped operating in 1979. Also known as Explorer 53. Satcom A series of commercial communications and cable-TV satellites started by RCA Americom in 1975 and continued by GE when it took over RCA. satellite An object that revolves around a larger body. Thousands of artificial satellites have been placed in Earth orbit for a great variety of scientific and technological purposes, to support communication and navigation, and as military tools. Launch Spacecraft Date Vehicle Orbit Mass (kg) SAS-1 (Uhuru) Dec. 12, 1970 Scout B 521 × 570 × 3° 143 SAS-2 Nov. 15, 1972 Scout D 526 × 526 × 1° 185 SAS-3 May 7, 1975 Scout F 498 × 507 × 3° 195
362 satellite constellation satellite constellation A set of satellites arranged in orbit to fulfill a common purpose. In the case of GPS (Global Positioning System), for example, the full operational constellation is composed of six orbital planes, each containing four satellites. satellite mass categories Small satellites are classified according to their mass, as shown in the table (“Satellite Mass Categories”). Satellite Mass Categories Category Mass Range (kg) Picosat
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The Complete Book of Spaceflight Fr
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Contents Acknowledgments v Introduc
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It is astonishing to think that the
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4 How to Use This Book Energy 1 jou
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6 Able passage through a dusty medi
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8 additive additive A substance add
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10 aerobraking was one of two rocke
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12 aerospace medicine aerospace med
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14 AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sound
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16 ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Sa
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18 ammonium perchlorate (NH 4ClO 4)
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20 aniline (C 6H 5NH 2) aniline (C
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22 antiparticle efficient space pro
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24 whose main task was guidance and
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26 LUNAR MODULE FACTS Height: 6.7 m
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28 intended as simply an Earth-orbi
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30 lunar environment. Conrad inadve
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32 CSM; it transmitted data back to
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34 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)
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36 Ariane orbit on the 11th launch
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38 Ariel Ariel A series of six Brit
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40 Artemis Project ESA devised a fo
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42 asteroid missions asteroid missi
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44 America’s first intercontinent
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46 atmosphere first time in the Atl
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48 Avdeyev, Sergei Avdeyev, Sergei
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50 ballistic missile ballistic miss
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52 Belyayev, Pavel Ivanovich with t
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54 biopak their companions who had
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56 Black Brant in June 1969, a seco
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58 boat-tail deliver a two-ton nucl
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60 boost magazine series on spacefl
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62 BS- (Broadcasting Satellite) to
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64 Buran Program was inaugurated wi
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66 canted nozzle astronaut John You
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68 carrier and as CAPCOM (Capsule C
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70 cast propellant decelerate. Then
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72 Cernan, Eugene Andrew broken bit
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Challenger disaster Following the e
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76 chemical fuel Chelomei turned hi
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78 circular velocity circular veloc
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80 Cluster Cluster An ESA (European
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82 Colombo, Giuseppe “Bepi” Col
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84 Aspacecraft in Earth orbit that
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86 companion body companion body A
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88 Copernicus Observatory longest M
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90 cosmic rays was the responsibili
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92 Crocco, Gaetano Arturo crawler-t
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94 Cunningham, R. Walter cryobot An
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Daedalus, Project One of the first
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98 Dawn preceded, in 2006, by SMART
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100 Deep Space Network (DSN) Deep S
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102 Afamily of launch vehicles deri
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104 (GEMs) for improved performance
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106 de-orbit burn de-orbit burn (co
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108 Dnepr Force base by a Thor Burn
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110 downlink Douglas Skyrocket The
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112 Durant Frederick Clark, III (19
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Early Bird (communications satellit
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116 Edwards Air Force Base Echo A t
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118 Einstein Observatory other idea
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120 electrostatic propulsion electr
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122 energy density accelerate an ob
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124 Eole Envisat Envisat being prep
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126 escape energy Organisation). ES
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128 ETS (Engineering Test Satellite
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130 Evans, Ronald E. used to study
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132 Explorer Launch Explorer Spacec
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134 explosive bolt explosive bolt A
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136 FAIR (Filled-Aperture Infrared
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138 fission, nuclear fission, nucle
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140 flux it also supported AFSATCOM
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142 frequency coordination held) re
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144 FTL (Project Vela) and then as
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146 GAIA (Global Astrometric Interf
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148 gamma rays instruments and the
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150 GEC (Global Electrodynamics Con
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152 Attitude Maneuvering System (OA
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154 down relative to the target bec
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156 Gemini 9/“Angry Alligator”
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158 Genesis launch failed and the v
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160 Geotail Geotail A joint ISAS (J
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162 Glavcosmos John Glenn Glenn don
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164 Glennan, T(homas) Keith istrato
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166 Robert Hutchings Goddard (1882-
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168 Gonets Gonets A Russian messagi
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170 gravitational constant (G) Adva
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172 Griffith, George shot out of a
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174 guidance, midcourse guidance, m
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H series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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178 Hale, William Edward Hale The B
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180 Haruka flight. By the end of 19
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182 Helios (reconnaissance satellit
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184 high mass fraction two Soft X-r
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186 HOPE (H-2 Orbital Plane) instru
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188 human factors NGST (Next Genera
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190 hypoxia hypoxia Oxygen deficien
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192 IDCSP (Initial Defense Communic
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194 inertia inertia The property of
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196 Intelsat (International Telecom
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198 Intercosmos Intercosmos Interna
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200 International Space Station An
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202 The ISS Takes Shape The STS-88
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204 interplanetary magnetic field C
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206 interstellar space problem by h
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208 IRBM (Intermediate Range Ballis
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210 ISAS (Institute of Space and As
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212 IUE (International Ultraviolet
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214 JAS (Japanese Amateur Satellite
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216 Joule Joule An X-ray observator
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218 Jupiter A floodlit Jupiter C is
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220 Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Kenn
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222 Kiwi which he broke the sound b
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224 Kourou In the end, Korolev was
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226 Kummersdorf astronomer Gerard P
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L series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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230 Lagrangian orbit carries an arr
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232 laser propulsion Houston. Langl
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234 Lebedev, Valentin V. LDEF Havin
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236 leveled thrust program in space
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238 LiPS (Living Plume Shield) LiPS
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240 Aseries of Chinese launch vehic
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242 Lovell, James Arthur, Jr. Lovel
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244 Aseries of Soviet Moon probes,
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246 On January 15, 1973, Luna 21 to
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248 Lunar Prospector Lunar Prospect
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M series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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252 MACSAT (Multiple Access Communi
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254 Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS)
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256 MAP (Microwave Anisotropy Probe
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258 at risk to themselves, started
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260 An early series of Soviet space
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262 Mars Express Mars Express (cont
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264 Mars Pathfinder (MPF) help dete
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266 Martin Marietta United States.
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268 Maul, Alfred MASTIF The MASTIF
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270 MECO (main engine cutoff) recor
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272 the suborbital journey and safe
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274 a drugstore. Glenn also had the
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276 Mercury-Atlas pilots to take th
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278 meteor deflection screen indica
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280 Milstar (Military Strategic and
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282 Alarge and long-lived Russian s
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284 modulation modulation The proce
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286 Mu long-wave infrared. It also
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288 Musudan together. Two of the co
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290 The Soviet counterpart to the S
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292 NASA Institute for Advanced Con
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294 NEAR-Shoemaker (Near-Earth Aste
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296 Newell, Homer E. Newell, Homer
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298 Nova (rocket) Eight of the spac
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300 nuclear propulsion propulsion)
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302 occultation Hermann Oberth Ober
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304 OKB-1 OKB-1 The classified Sovi
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306 ONERA (Office National d’Étu
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308 Orion, Project first century, t
Page 313 and 314: 310 thin surface layer. So brief wa
Page 315 and 316: 312 Osumi OSO (Orbiting Solar Obser
Page 317 and 318: 314 Palapa Paine, Thomas O. Thomas
Page 319 and 320: 316 parking orbit rifled barrel wit
Page 321 and 322: 318 Pegasus (spacecraft) Pegasus (l
Page 323 and 324: 320 Pickering, William Hayward Pick
Page 325 and 326: 322 Early Pioneers Pioneer 3 being
Page 327 and 328: 324 Planet Imager (PI) Planet Image
Page 329 and 330: 326 POES (Polar Operational Environ
Page 331 and 332: 328 pressure suit pressure suit See
Page 333 and 334: 330 Project Daedalus throughout the
Page 335 and 336: 332 PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Ve
Page 337 and 338: “R” series of Russian missiles
Page 339 and 340: 336 radiation protection in space s
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Page 343 and 344: 340 ranging ranging Techniques for
Page 345 and 346: 342 reentry vehicle materials and t
Page 347 and 348: 344 remaining mass remaining mass T
Page 349 and 350: 346 Rhyolite Rhyolite A series of U
Page 351 and 352: 348 rocket sled rocket sled A sled
Page 353 and 354: 350 Rosetta Rosetta ESA (European S
Page 355 and 356: 352 Rudolph, Arthur L. Rudolph, Art
Page 357 and 358: 354 Soviet Launches Related to Mann
Page 359 and 360: Sagan, Carl Edward (1934-1996) A pr
Page 361 and 362: 358 An early series of Soviet space
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Page 367 and 368: 364 A 6.5-m ring fixed to the top o
Page 369 and 370: 366 Schirra, Walter (“Wally”) M
Page 371 and 372: 368 Schweikart, Russell (“Rusty
Page 373 and 374: 370 Seamans, Robert C., Jr. vehicle
Page 375 and 376: 372 SERT (Space Electric Rocket Tes
Page 377 and 378: 374 Shah-Nama by the Space Shuttle
Page 379 and 380: 376 SIM (Space Interferometry Missi
Page 381 and 382: 378 An experimental American space
Page 383 and 384: 380 by the Skylab 2 crew. Two furth
Page 385 and 386: 382 SMEX (Small Explorer) Space Fli
Page 387 and 388: 384 Sojourner case,anellipticalorbi
Page 389 and 390: 386 sonic speed sonic speed The spe
Page 391 and 392: 388 Soyuz spacecraft ESA astronaut
Page 393 and 394: 390 space drive propellants and str
Page 395 and 396: 392 space motion sickness (SMS) the
Page 397 and 398: 394 space sail space sail A device
Page 399 and 400: 396 The core vehicle in NASA’s sp
Page 401 and 402: 398 1986, it was decided to build a
Page 403 and 404: 400 Orbiter Jerry Ross, anchored to
Page 405 and 406: 402 Space Studies Board space stati
Page 407 and 408: 404 Spacehab activities for the dis
Page 409 and 410: 406 An airtight fabric suit with fl
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412 Squanto Terror Sputnik 2 The se
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414 stage pilot for Gemini 3 and pi
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416 John Paul Stapp (1910-1999) An
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418 Starlight Starlight A NASA miss
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420 Stewart Committee Stennis Space
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422 stratosphere stratosphere The l
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424 surveillance satellites milliwa
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426 sweat cooling Launch Date: Dece
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tachyon A hypothetical particle tha
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430 Tenma Telstar Telstar 1, the fi
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432 terrestrial satellite Terrestri
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434 Thor similar to those on the At
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436 thrust chamber At first glance,
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438 Tipu Sultan “Ralph” and “
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440 Alarge intercontinental ballist
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442 Titov, Gherman Stepanovich Tito
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444 TOS (TIROS Operational System)
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446 troposphere TRMM (Tropical Rain
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448 Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolko
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450 Tucker, George three-stage vehi
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UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Sat
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454 umbilical connections for measu
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“V” weapons See article, pages
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458 “V” weapons A captured V-2
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460 Vanguard fired from here in Dec
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462 Vega 1 and 2 seven operational
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464 velocity Vehicle Assembly Build
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466 Viking (launch vehicle) Chronol
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468 as data relays for more than an
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470 visible light visible light Ele
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472 Von Kármán, Theodore liquid-f
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474 The first series of manned Russ
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476 Two identical spacecraft sent t
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WAC Corporal A small liquid-propell
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480 weight these findings to variou
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482 White Sands Missile Range Edwar
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484 wind tunnel orbit, Wind provide
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486 Ahypothetical “tunnel” conn
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X planes U.S. experimental aircraft
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490 X-33 configuration and renamed
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Yangel, Mikhail K. (1911-1971) One
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Zarya See International Space Stati
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496 Aseries of Soviet probes (“zo
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Boldfaced terms indicate entry head
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500 Acronyms and Abbreviations GEO
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502 Acronyms and Abbreviations POES
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1. Abbot, Alison. “Rubbia propose
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506 References 70. “Cyrano de Ber
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508 References 148. Harrison, Alber
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510 References 223. O’Neill, G. K
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512 References 300. Verne, Jules. A
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514 Web Sites British Interplanetar
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516 Web Sites ICO http://www.ico.co
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518 Web Sites Seawinds http://eosps
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Advanced propulsion systems and rel
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illicit cargo ingress Lunar Landing
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Gonets Gorizont ICO IDCSP (Initial
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launch pad launch support and hold-
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Microgravity and technology experim
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special theory of relativity specif
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Rocket science and technology after
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LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facili
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hydrobot microsat minisat nanosat n
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The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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