The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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Skylab An overhead view of Skylab from the Skylab 4 Command and Service Module during its final flyaround before returning home. NASA This not only threatened an early end to the mission but also put a question mark over whether the CSM would be able to return safely to Earth. Launch crews at Kennedy Space Center were put on a nonstop work schedule to prepare the Skylab 4 Saturn IB for a possible rescue operation. In the event, the mission was continued as planned and the CSM performed flawlessly during reentry. On August 6, 1973, Garriott and Lousma went on a 6-hour spacewalk to deploy a twinpole thermal shield to replace the “parasol” installed 379
380 by the Skylab 2 crew. Two further spacewalks followed for film retrieval and replacement, installation of a new rate gyro package, and routine maintenance. Launch: July 28, 1973 Recovery: September 25, 1973 Mission duration: 59 days 11 hours Crew: Alan Bean (commander), Jack Lousma (pilot), Owen Garriott (science pilot) Skylab 4 The third and final manned visit to Skylab. Highlights of the record-setting 84-day mission included extensive photography and analysis of comet Kohoutek and the first complete photographic coverage of a solar flare from beginning to full size. A total of 1,563 hours of scientific experiments were performed, about twice that of Skylab 2 and Skylab 3 combined. The crew also completed four spacewalks, lasting a total of 22 hours 22 minutes and including the longest spacewalk up to that time of 7 hours 1 minute. Launch: November 16, 1973 Recovery: February 8, 1974 Mission duration: 84 days 1 hour Crew: Gerald Carr (commander), Edward Gibson (science pilot), William Pogue (pilot) Epilogue: Skylab’s Return Before the Skylab 4 crew left, they boosted the space station to a slightly higher orbit, which varied from 430 to 455 km. Calculations indicated that this would enable Skylab to remain aloft for at least nine more years, giving NASA time to bring its Shuttle service online and mount a rescue mission. NASA originally planned to use the fifth Shuttle flight, slated for the second half of 1979, to dock with Skylab and lift it to a safe orbit so that it could be used again. But in late 1978, NOAA (National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration) warned that increased solar activity would result in a stronger solar wind that would likely push Skylab back into the atmosphere within a year. This, compounded with delays to the Shuttle program caused by engine development prob- Skylab 4 Gerald Carr, commander of the Skylab 4 mission, jokingly demonstrates weight training in zero-gravity as he balances astronaut William Pogue, pilot, upside down on his finger. NASA lems, meant that a rescue mission could not be launched in time. On December 15, 1978, NASA Administrator Robert Frosch informed President Carter that Skylab could not be saved, and that NASA would attempt to guide the space station to a controlled reentry as far away from populated areas as possible. At 3:45 A.M. EDT on July 11, 1979, controllers at Johnson Space Center commanded Skylab to tumble, hoping the space station would disintegrate upon reentry. However, Skylab did not break apart as much as expected and, 21 hours later, rained large chunks of debris near Perth, Australia.
Page 1 and 2:
The Complete Book of Spaceflight Fr
Page 3 and 4:
Contents Acknowledgments v Introduc
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It is astonishing to think that the
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4 How to Use This Book Energy 1 jou
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6 Able passage through a dusty medi
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8 additive additive A substance add
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10 aerobraking was one of two rocke
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12 aerospace medicine aerospace med
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14 AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sound
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16 ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Sa
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18 ammonium perchlorate (NH 4ClO 4)
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20 aniline (C 6H 5NH 2) aniline (C
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22 antiparticle efficient space pro
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24 whose main task was guidance and
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26 LUNAR MODULE FACTS Height: 6.7 m
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28 intended as simply an Earth-orbi
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30 lunar environment. Conrad inadve
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32 CSM; it transmitted data back to
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34 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)
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36 Ariane orbit on the 11th launch
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38 Ariel Ariel A series of six Brit
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40 Artemis Project ESA devised a fo
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42 asteroid missions asteroid missi
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44 America’s first intercontinent
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46 atmosphere first time in the Atl
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48 Avdeyev, Sergei Avdeyev, Sergei
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50 ballistic missile ballistic miss
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52 Belyayev, Pavel Ivanovich with t
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54 biopak their companions who had
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56 Black Brant in June 1969, a seco
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58 boat-tail deliver a two-ton nucl
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60 boost magazine series on spacefl
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62 BS- (Broadcasting Satellite) to
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64 Buran Program was inaugurated wi
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66 canted nozzle astronaut John You
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68 carrier and as CAPCOM (Capsule C
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70 cast propellant decelerate. Then
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72 Cernan, Eugene Andrew broken bit
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Challenger disaster Following the e
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76 chemical fuel Chelomei turned hi
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78 circular velocity circular veloc
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80 Cluster Cluster An ESA (European
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82 Colombo, Giuseppe “Bepi” Col
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84 Aspacecraft in Earth orbit that
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86 companion body companion body A
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88 Copernicus Observatory longest M
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90 cosmic rays was the responsibili
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92 Crocco, Gaetano Arturo crawler-t
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94 Cunningham, R. Walter cryobot An
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Daedalus, Project One of the first
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98 Dawn preceded, in 2006, by SMART
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100 Deep Space Network (DSN) Deep S
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102 Afamily of launch vehicles deri
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104 (GEMs) for improved performance
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106 de-orbit burn de-orbit burn (co
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108 Dnepr Force base by a Thor Burn
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110 downlink Douglas Skyrocket The
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112 Durant Frederick Clark, III (19
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Early Bird (communications satellit
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116 Edwards Air Force Base Echo A t
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118 Einstein Observatory other idea
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120 electrostatic propulsion electr
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122 energy density accelerate an ob
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124 Eole Envisat Envisat being prep
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126 escape energy Organisation). ES
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128 ETS (Engineering Test Satellite
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130 Evans, Ronald E. used to study
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132 Explorer Launch Explorer Spacec
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134 explosive bolt explosive bolt A
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136 FAIR (Filled-Aperture Infrared
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138 fission, nuclear fission, nucle
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140 flux it also supported AFSATCOM
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142 frequency coordination held) re
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144 FTL (Project Vela) and then as
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146 GAIA (Global Astrometric Interf
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148 gamma rays instruments and the
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150 GEC (Global Electrodynamics Con
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152 Attitude Maneuvering System (OA
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154 down relative to the target bec
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156 Gemini 9/“Angry Alligator”
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158 Genesis launch failed and the v
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160 Geotail Geotail A joint ISAS (J
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162 Glavcosmos John Glenn Glenn don
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164 Glennan, T(homas) Keith istrato
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166 Robert Hutchings Goddard (1882-
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168 Gonets Gonets A Russian messagi
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170 gravitational constant (G) Adva
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172 Griffith, George shot out of a
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174 guidance, midcourse guidance, m
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H series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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178 Hale, William Edward Hale The B
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180 Haruka flight. By the end of 19
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182 Helios (reconnaissance satellit
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184 high mass fraction two Soft X-r
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186 HOPE (H-2 Orbital Plane) instru
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188 human factors NGST (Next Genera
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190 hypoxia hypoxia Oxygen deficien
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192 IDCSP (Initial Defense Communic
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194 inertia inertia The property of
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196 Intelsat (International Telecom
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198 Intercosmos Intercosmos Interna
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200 International Space Station An
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202 The ISS Takes Shape The STS-88
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204 interplanetary magnetic field C
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206 interstellar space problem by h
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208 IRBM (Intermediate Range Ballis
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210 ISAS (Institute of Space and As
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212 IUE (International Ultraviolet
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214 JAS (Japanese Amateur Satellite
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216 Joule Joule An X-ray observator
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218 Jupiter A floodlit Jupiter C is
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220 Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Kenn
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222 Kiwi which he broke the sound b
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224 Kourou In the end, Korolev was
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226 Kummersdorf astronomer Gerard P
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L series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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230 Lagrangian orbit carries an arr
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232 laser propulsion Houston. Langl
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234 Lebedev, Valentin V. LDEF Havin
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236 leveled thrust program in space
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238 LiPS (Living Plume Shield) LiPS
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240 Aseries of Chinese launch vehic
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242 Lovell, James Arthur, Jr. Lovel
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244 Aseries of Soviet Moon probes,
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246 On January 15, 1973, Luna 21 to
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248 Lunar Prospector Lunar Prospect
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M series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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252 MACSAT (Multiple Access Communi
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254 Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS)
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256 MAP (Microwave Anisotropy Probe
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258 at risk to themselves, started
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260 An early series of Soviet space
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262 Mars Express Mars Express (cont
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264 Mars Pathfinder (MPF) help dete
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266 Martin Marietta United States.
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268 Maul, Alfred MASTIF The MASTIF
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270 MECO (main engine cutoff) recor
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272 the suborbital journey and safe
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274 a drugstore. Glenn also had the
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276 Mercury-Atlas pilots to take th
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278 meteor deflection screen indica
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280 Milstar (Military Strategic and
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282 Alarge and long-lived Russian s
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284 modulation modulation The proce
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286 Mu long-wave infrared. It also
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288 Musudan together. Two of the co
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290 The Soviet counterpart to the S
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292 NASA Institute for Advanced Con
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294 NEAR-Shoemaker (Near-Earth Aste
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296 Newell, Homer E. Newell, Homer
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298 Nova (rocket) Eight of the spac
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300 nuclear propulsion propulsion)
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302 occultation Hermann Oberth Ober
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304 OKB-1 OKB-1 The classified Sovi
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306 ONERA (Office National d’Étu
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308 Orion, Project first century, t
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310 thin surface layer. So brief wa
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312 Osumi OSO (Orbiting Solar Obser
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314 Palapa Paine, Thomas O. Thomas
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316 parking orbit rifled barrel wit
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318 Pegasus (spacecraft) Pegasus (l
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320 Pickering, William Hayward Pick
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322 Early Pioneers Pioneer 3 being
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324 Planet Imager (PI) Planet Image
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326 POES (Polar Operational Environ
Page 331 and 332: 328 pressure suit pressure suit See
Page 333 and 334: 330 Project Daedalus throughout the
Page 335 and 336: 332 PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Ve
Page 337 and 338: “R” series of Russian missiles
Page 339 and 340: 336 radiation protection in space s
Page 341 and 342: 338 radiometer such as plutonium-23
Page 343 and 344: 340 ranging ranging Techniques for
Page 345 and 346: 342 reentry vehicle materials and t
Page 347 and 348: 344 remaining mass remaining mass T
Page 349 and 350: 346 Rhyolite Rhyolite A series of U
Page 351 and 352: 348 rocket sled rocket sled A sled
Page 353 and 354: 350 Rosetta Rosetta ESA (European S
Page 355 and 356: 352 Rudolph, Arthur L. Rudolph, Art
Page 357 and 358: 354 Soviet Launches Related to Mann
Page 359 and 360: Sagan, Carl Edward (1934-1996) A pr
Page 361 and 362: 358 An early series of Soviet space
Page 363 and 364: 360 Sander, Friedrich Wilhelm had b
Page 365 and 366: 362 satellite constellation satelli
Page 367 and 368: 364 A 6.5-m ring fixed to the top o
Page 369 and 370: 366 Schirra, Walter (“Wally”) M
Page 371 and 372: 368 Schweikart, Russell (“Rusty
Page 373 and 374: 370 Seamans, Robert C., Jr. vehicle
Page 375 and 376: 372 SERT (Space Electric Rocket Tes
Page 377 and 378: 374 Shah-Nama by the Space Shuttle
Page 379 and 380: 376 SIM (Space Interferometry Missi
Page 381: 378 An experimental American space
Page 385 and 386: 382 SMEX (Small Explorer) Space Fli
Page 387 and 388: 384 Sojourner case,anellipticalorbi
Page 389 and 390: 386 sonic speed sonic speed The spe
Page 391 and 392: 388 Soyuz spacecraft ESA astronaut
Page 393 and 394: 390 space drive propellants and str
Page 395 and 396: 392 space motion sickness (SMS) the
Page 397 and 398: 394 space sail space sail A device
Page 399 and 400: 396 The core vehicle in NASA’s sp
Page 401 and 402: 398 1986, it was decided to build a
Page 403 and 404: 400 Orbiter Jerry Ross, anchored to
Page 405 and 406: 402 Space Studies Board space stati
Page 407 and 408: 404 Spacehab activities for the dis
Page 409 and 410: 406 An airtight fabric suit with fl
Page 411 and 412: 408 spacewalk package. Next, the as
Page 413 and 414: 410 speed of sound speed of sound T
Page 415 and 416: 412 Squanto Terror Sputnik 2 The se
Page 417 and 418: 414 stage pilot for Gemini 3 and pi
Page 419 and 420: 416 John Paul Stapp (1910-1999) An
Page 421 and 422: 418 Starlight Starlight A NASA miss
Page 423 and 424: 420 Stewart Committee Stennis Space
Page 425 and 426: 422 stratosphere stratosphere The l
Page 427 and 428: 424 surveillance satellites milliwa
Page 429 and 430: 426 sweat cooling Launch Date: Dece
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430 Tenma Telstar Telstar 1, the fi
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432 terrestrial satellite Terrestri
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434 Thor similar to those on the At
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436 thrust chamber At first glance,
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438 Tipu Sultan “Ralph” and “
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440 Alarge intercontinental ballist
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442 Titov, Gherman Stepanovich Tito
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444 TOS (TIROS Operational System)
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446 troposphere TRMM (Tropical Rain
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448 Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolko
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450 Tucker, George three-stage vehi
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UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Sat
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454 umbilical connections for measu
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“V” weapons See article, pages
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458 “V” weapons A captured V-2
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460 Vanguard fired from here in Dec
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462 Vega 1 and 2 seven operational
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464 velocity Vehicle Assembly Build
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466 Viking (launch vehicle) Chronol
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468 as data relays for more than an
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470 visible light visible light Ele
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472 Von Kármán, Theodore liquid-f
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474 The first series of manned Russ
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476 Two identical spacecraft sent t
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WAC Corporal A small liquid-propell
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480 weight these findings to variou
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482 White Sands Missile Range Edwar
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484 wind tunnel orbit, Wind provide
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486 Ahypothetical “tunnel” conn
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X planes U.S. experimental aircraft
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490 X-33 configuration and renamed
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Yangel, Mikhail K. (1911-1971) One
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Zarya See International Space Stati
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496 Aseries of Soviet probes (“zo
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Boldfaced terms indicate entry head
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500 Acronyms and Abbreviations GEO
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502 Acronyms and Abbreviations POES
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1. Abbot, Alison. “Rubbia propose
Page 509 and 510:
506 References 70. “Cyrano de Ber
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508 References 148. Harrison, Alber
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510 References 223. O’Neill, G. K
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512 References 300. Verne, Jules. A
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514 Web Sites British Interplanetar
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516 Web Sites ICO http://www.ico.co
Page 521 and 522:
518 Web Sites Seawinds http://eosps
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Advanced propulsion systems and rel
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illicit cargo ingress Lunar Landing
Page 527 and 528:
Gonets Gorizont ICO IDCSP (Initial
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launch pad launch support and hold-
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Microgravity and technology experim
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special theory of relativity specif
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Rocket science and technology after
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LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facili
Page 539:
hydrobot microsat minisat nanosat n
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The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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