The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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commander for Apollo 14, and commander for Apollo 17, becoming the eleventh and (so far) penultimate person to step onto the Moon’s surface and the last to leave his footprints there. Afterward, he served as special assistant to the manager of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project before resigning from NASA and the Navy on July 1, 1976, to become an executive of Coral Petroleum of Houston, Texas. Later he formed the Cernan Corporation, an aerospace consultancy firm, in Houston. In 1999, he published his autobiography, The Last Man on the Moon. 44 Chaffee, Roger Bruce (1935–1967) An American astronaut selected by NASA to fly on the first Apollo manned mission. Unfortunately, Chaffee never got the chance. He died on January 27, 1967, along with crewmates Gus Grissomand Edward White, during a launch pad test at the Kennedy Space Center. Chaffee received a B.S. in aeronautical engineering from Purdue University in 1957 and immediately joined the Navy. Photographs taken while he piloted a U-2 spy plane in 1963 proved conclusively that the Soviet Union had installed offensive missiles in Cuba and were displayed by President Kennedy during a televised address. That same month, Chaffee was selected by NASA as a member of its third group of astronauts. He was assigned with Grissom and White to fly the first Apollo capsule on an 11-day mission in Earth orbit. However, a month before their scheduled launch, all three were killed aboard their capsule during a countdown rehearsal, when a flash fire raced through their cabin. Chalet/Vortex The second generation of U.S. Air Force SIGINT (signals intelligence) satellites, launched between 1978 and 1989, that replaced Canyon. The program was renamed Vortex after the code name Chalet appeared in The New York Times. It was superseded by Magnum and Mercury ELINT. Challenger (1) Space Shuttle Orbiter that first flew on April 4, 1983 (STS-6). Among the milestones of the Challenger Orbiter were the first spacewalk from a Shuttle (STS-6), the flight of the first American female astronaut (STS-7), the flight of the first African-American astronaut (STS-8), the first use of free-flying Manned Maneuvering Units during a spacewalk (STS-41B), and the first in-flight repair and redeployment of a satellite (STS-41C). See Challengerdisaster. (2) Nickname of the Apollo 17 Lunar Module. (3) British Navy research vessel that made a prolonged study of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans between 1872 and 1876, and after which the two spacecraft were named. Chandra X-ray Observatory 73 Challenger disaster On January 28, 1986, the 25th Space Shuttle mission (STS-51L) ended in tragedy 73 seconds after launch; the Challenger Orbiter was destroyed and its seven-member crew killed. A presidential commission set up to investigate the accident concluded that a failure had occurred in the joint between the two lower segments of the right Solid Rocket Booster (SRB). The rubber seal, or O-ring, had hardened overnight in freezing weather and failed when the boosters ignited at launch. The escaping flame breached the External Tank, and the vehicle broke apart as the propellants ignited. The commission also concluded that there were flaws in the Shuttle program. Many changes in the SRB and Orbiter design, as well as in management, were made to improve safety. 298 chamber pressure The pressure of gases in the combustion chamber of a rocket engine, produced by the burning of fuel. The engine’s thrust is proportional to the chamber pressure. CHAMP (Challenging Minisatellite Payload) A small German satellite mission for geoscientific and atmospheric research and applications, managed by GFZ Potsdam. Using an advanced GPS (Global Positioning System), CHAMP measures how its orbit changes in response to Earth’s gravitational pull, enabling researchers to map indirectly the density of Earth’s crust. By mapping the density to a high precision over many years, scientists can detect changes in variables such as seawater level, the thickness of the polar ice caps, and even the density of the atmosphere. Launch Date: July 15, 2000 Vehicle: Cosmos-3M Site: Pletesk Orbit: 421 × 476 km × 87° Mass: 522 kg (total), 27 kg (science payload) Chandra X-ray Observatory One of NASA’s four Great Observatories. After being launched by the Space Shuttle, Chandra was boosted into a high elliptical orbit from which it can make longduration, uninterrupted measurements of X-ray sources in the universe. It uses the most sensitive X-ray telescope ever built, which consists of four pairs of nearly cylindrical mirrors with diameters of 0.68 to 1.4 m, to observe X-rays in the energy range of 0.1 to 10 keV. These mirrors focus X-rays onto two of Chandra’s four science instruments: the High Resolution Camera and the CCD (charge-coupled device) Imaging Spectrometer.
Challenger disaster Following the explosion of Challenger, fragments of the Orbiter can be seen tumbling against a background of fire, smoke, and vaporized propellants from the External Tank. The left Solid Rocket Booster flies away, still thrusting. NASA 74
Page 1 and 2:
The Complete Book of Spaceflight Fr
Page 3 and 4:
Contents Acknowledgments v Introduc
Page 5 and 6:
It is astonishing to think that the
Page 7 and 8:
4 How to Use This Book Energy 1 jou
Page 9 and 10:
6 Able passage through a dusty medi
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8 additive additive A substance add
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10 aerobraking was one of two rocke
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12 aerospace medicine aerospace med
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14 AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sound
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16 ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Sa
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18 ammonium perchlorate (NH 4ClO 4)
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20 aniline (C 6H 5NH 2) aniline (C
Page 25 and 26: 22 antiparticle efficient space pro
Page 27 and 28: 24 whose main task was guidance and
Page 29 and 30: 26 LUNAR MODULE FACTS Height: 6.7 m
Page 31 and 32: 28 intended as simply an Earth-orbi
Page 33 and 34: 30 lunar environment. Conrad inadve
Page 35 and 36: 32 CSM; it transmitted data back to
Page 37 and 38: 34 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)
Page 39 and 40: 36 Ariane orbit on the 11th launch
Page 41 and 42: 38 Ariel Ariel A series of six Brit
Page 43 and 44: 40 Artemis Project ESA devised a fo
Page 45 and 46: 42 asteroid missions asteroid missi
Page 47 and 48: 44 America’s first intercontinent
Page 49 and 50: 46 atmosphere first time in the Atl
Page 51 and 52: 48 Avdeyev, Sergei Avdeyev, Sergei
Page 53 and 54: 50 ballistic missile ballistic miss
Page 55 and 56: 52 Belyayev, Pavel Ivanovich with t
Page 57 and 58: 54 biopak their companions who had
Page 59 and 60: 56 Black Brant in June 1969, a seco
Page 61 and 62: 58 boat-tail deliver a two-ton nucl
Page 63 and 64: 60 boost magazine series on spacefl
Page 65 and 66: 62 BS- (Broadcasting Satellite) to
Page 67 and 68: 64 Buran Program was inaugurated wi
Page 69 and 70: 66 canted nozzle astronaut John You
Page 71 and 72: 68 carrier and as CAPCOM (Capsule C
Page 73 and 74: 70 cast propellant decelerate. Then
Page 75: 72 Cernan, Eugene Andrew broken bit
Page 79 and 80: 76 chemical fuel Chelomei turned hi
Page 81 and 82: 78 circular velocity circular veloc
Page 83 and 84: 80 Cluster Cluster An ESA (European
Page 85 and 86: 82 Colombo, Giuseppe “Bepi” Col
Page 87 and 88: 84 Aspacecraft in Earth orbit that
Page 89 and 90: 86 companion body companion body A
Page 91 and 92: 88 Copernicus Observatory longest M
Page 93 and 94: 90 cosmic rays was the responsibili
Page 95 and 96: 92 Crocco, Gaetano Arturo crawler-t
Page 97 and 98: 94 Cunningham, R. Walter cryobot An
Page 99 and 100: Daedalus, Project One of the first
Page 101 and 102: 98 Dawn preceded, in 2006, by SMART
Page 103 and 104: 100 Deep Space Network (DSN) Deep S
Page 105 and 106: 102 Afamily of launch vehicles deri
Page 107 and 108: 104 (GEMs) for improved performance
Page 109 and 110: 106 de-orbit burn de-orbit burn (co
Page 111 and 112: 108 Dnepr Force base by a Thor Burn
Page 113 and 114: 110 downlink Douglas Skyrocket The
Page 115 and 116: 112 Durant Frederick Clark, III (19
Page 117 and 118: Early Bird (communications satellit
Page 119 and 120: 116 Edwards Air Force Base Echo A t
Page 121 and 122: 118 Einstein Observatory other idea
Page 123 and 124: 120 electrostatic propulsion electr
Page 125 and 126: 122 energy density accelerate an ob
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124 Eole Envisat Envisat being prep
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126 escape energy Organisation). ES
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128 ETS (Engineering Test Satellite
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130 Evans, Ronald E. used to study
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132 Explorer Launch Explorer Spacec
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134 explosive bolt explosive bolt A
Page 139 and 140:
136 FAIR (Filled-Aperture Infrared
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138 fission, nuclear fission, nucle
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140 flux it also supported AFSATCOM
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142 frequency coordination held) re
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144 FTL (Project Vela) and then as
Page 149 and 150:
146 GAIA (Global Astrometric Interf
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148 gamma rays instruments and the
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150 GEC (Global Electrodynamics Con
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152 Attitude Maneuvering System (OA
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154 down relative to the target bec
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156 Gemini 9/“Angry Alligator”
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158 Genesis launch failed and the v
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160 Geotail Geotail A joint ISAS (J
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162 Glavcosmos John Glenn Glenn don
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164 Glennan, T(homas) Keith istrato
Page 169 and 170:
166 Robert Hutchings Goddard (1882-
Page 171 and 172:
168 Gonets Gonets A Russian messagi
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170 gravitational constant (G) Adva
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172 Griffith, George shot out of a
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174 guidance, midcourse guidance, m
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H series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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178 Hale, William Edward Hale The B
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180 Haruka flight. By the end of 19
Page 185 and 186:
182 Helios (reconnaissance satellit
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184 high mass fraction two Soft X-r
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186 HOPE (H-2 Orbital Plane) instru
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188 human factors NGST (Next Genera
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190 hypoxia hypoxia Oxygen deficien
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192 IDCSP (Initial Defense Communic
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194 inertia inertia The property of
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196 Intelsat (International Telecom
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198 Intercosmos Intercosmos Interna
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200 International Space Station An
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202 The ISS Takes Shape The STS-88
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204 interplanetary magnetic field C
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206 interstellar space problem by h
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208 IRBM (Intermediate Range Ballis
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210 ISAS (Institute of Space and As
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212 IUE (International Ultraviolet
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214 JAS (Japanese Amateur Satellite
Page 219 and 220:
216 Joule Joule An X-ray observator
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218 Jupiter A floodlit Jupiter C is
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220 Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Kenn
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222 Kiwi which he broke the sound b
Page 227 and 228:
224 Kourou In the end, Korolev was
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226 Kummersdorf astronomer Gerard P
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L series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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230 Lagrangian orbit carries an arr
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232 laser propulsion Houston. Langl
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234 Lebedev, Valentin V. LDEF Havin
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236 leveled thrust program in space
Page 241 and 242:
238 LiPS (Living Plume Shield) LiPS
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240 Aseries of Chinese launch vehic
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242 Lovell, James Arthur, Jr. Lovel
Page 247 and 248:
244 Aseries of Soviet Moon probes,
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246 On January 15, 1973, Luna 21 to
Page 251 and 252:
248 Lunar Prospector Lunar Prospect
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M series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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252 MACSAT (Multiple Access Communi
Page 257 and 258:
254 Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS)
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256 MAP (Microwave Anisotropy Probe
Page 261 and 262:
258 at risk to themselves, started
Page 263 and 264:
260 An early series of Soviet space
Page 265 and 266:
262 Mars Express Mars Express (cont
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264 Mars Pathfinder (MPF) help dete
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266 Martin Marietta United States.
Page 271 and 272:
268 Maul, Alfred MASTIF The MASTIF
Page 273 and 274:
270 MECO (main engine cutoff) recor
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272 the suborbital journey and safe
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274 a drugstore. Glenn also had the
Page 279 and 280:
276 Mercury-Atlas pilots to take th
Page 281 and 282:
278 meteor deflection screen indica
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280 Milstar (Military Strategic and
Page 285 and 286:
282 Alarge and long-lived Russian s
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284 modulation modulation The proce
Page 289 and 290:
286 Mu long-wave infrared. It also
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288 Musudan together. Two of the co
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290 The Soviet counterpart to the S
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292 NASA Institute for Advanced Con
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294 NEAR-Shoemaker (Near-Earth Aste
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296 Newell, Homer E. Newell, Homer
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298 Nova (rocket) Eight of the spac
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300 nuclear propulsion propulsion)
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302 occultation Hermann Oberth Ober
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304 OKB-1 OKB-1 The classified Sovi
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306 ONERA (Office National d’Étu
Page 311 and 312:
308 Orion, Project first century, t
Page 313 and 314:
310 thin surface layer. So brief wa
Page 315 and 316:
312 Osumi OSO (Orbiting Solar Obser
Page 317 and 318:
314 Palapa Paine, Thomas O. Thomas
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316 parking orbit rifled barrel wit
Page 321 and 322:
318 Pegasus (spacecraft) Pegasus (l
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320 Pickering, William Hayward Pick
Page 325 and 326:
322 Early Pioneers Pioneer 3 being
Page 327 and 328:
324 Planet Imager (PI) Planet Image
Page 329 and 330:
326 POES (Polar Operational Environ
Page 331 and 332:
328 pressure suit pressure suit See
Page 333 and 334:
330 Project Daedalus throughout the
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332 PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Ve
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“R” series of Russian missiles
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336 radiation protection in space s
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338 radiometer such as plutonium-23
Page 343 and 344:
340 ranging ranging Techniques for
Page 345 and 346:
342 reentry vehicle materials and t
Page 347 and 348:
344 remaining mass remaining mass T
Page 349 and 350:
346 Rhyolite Rhyolite A series of U
Page 351 and 352:
348 rocket sled rocket sled A sled
Page 353 and 354:
350 Rosetta Rosetta ESA (European S
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352 Rudolph, Arthur L. Rudolph, Art
Page 357 and 358:
354 Soviet Launches Related to Mann
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Sagan, Carl Edward (1934-1996) A pr
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358 An early series of Soviet space
Page 363 and 364:
360 Sander, Friedrich Wilhelm had b
Page 365 and 366:
362 satellite constellation satelli
Page 367 and 368:
364 A 6.5-m ring fixed to the top o
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366 Schirra, Walter (“Wally”) M
Page 371 and 372:
368 Schweikart, Russell (“Rusty
Page 373 and 374:
370 Seamans, Robert C., Jr. vehicle
Page 375 and 376:
372 SERT (Space Electric Rocket Tes
Page 377 and 378:
374 Shah-Nama by the Space Shuttle
Page 379 and 380:
376 SIM (Space Interferometry Missi
Page 381 and 382:
378 An experimental American space
Page 383 and 384:
380 by the Skylab 2 crew. Two furth
Page 385 and 386:
382 SMEX (Small Explorer) Space Fli
Page 387 and 388:
384 Sojourner case,anellipticalorbi
Page 389 and 390:
386 sonic speed sonic speed The spe
Page 391 and 392:
388 Soyuz spacecraft ESA astronaut
Page 393 and 394:
390 space drive propellants and str
Page 395 and 396:
392 space motion sickness (SMS) the
Page 397 and 398:
394 space sail space sail A device
Page 399 and 400:
396 The core vehicle in NASA’s sp
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398 1986, it was decided to build a
Page 403 and 404:
400 Orbiter Jerry Ross, anchored to
Page 405 and 406:
402 Space Studies Board space stati
Page 407 and 408:
404 Spacehab activities for the dis
Page 409 and 410:
406 An airtight fabric suit with fl
Page 411 and 412:
408 spacewalk package. Next, the as
Page 413 and 414:
410 speed of sound speed of sound T
Page 415 and 416:
412 Squanto Terror Sputnik 2 The se
Page 417 and 418:
414 stage pilot for Gemini 3 and pi
Page 419 and 420:
416 John Paul Stapp (1910-1999) An
Page 421 and 422:
418 Starlight Starlight A NASA miss
Page 423 and 424:
420 Stewart Committee Stennis Space
Page 425 and 426:
422 stratosphere stratosphere The l
Page 427 and 428:
424 surveillance satellites milliwa
Page 429 and 430:
426 sweat cooling Launch Date: Dece
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tachyon A hypothetical particle tha
Page 433 and 434:
430 Tenma Telstar Telstar 1, the fi
Page 435 and 436:
432 terrestrial satellite Terrestri
Page 437 and 438:
434 Thor similar to those on the At
Page 439 and 440:
436 thrust chamber At first glance,
Page 441 and 442:
438 Tipu Sultan “Ralph” and “
Page 443 and 444:
440 Alarge intercontinental ballist
Page 445 and 446:
442 Titov, Gherman Stepanovich Tito
Page 447 and 448:
444 TOS (TIROS Operational System)
Page 449 and 450:
446 troposphere TRMM (Tropical Rain
Page 451 and 452:
448 Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolko
Page 453 and 454:
450 Tucker, George three-stage vehi
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UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Sat
Page 457 and 458:
454 umbilical connections for measu
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“V” weapons See article, pages
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458 “V” weapons A captured V-2
Page 463 and 464:
460 Vanguard fired from here in Dec
Page 465 and 466:
462 Vega 1 and 2 seven operational
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464 velocity Vehicle Assembly Build
Page 469 and 470:
466 Viking (launch vehicle) Chronol
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468 as data relays for more than an
Page 473 and 474:
470 visible light visible light Ele
Page 475 and 476:
472 Von Kármán, Theodore liquid-f
Page 477 and 478:
474 The first series of manned Russ
Page 479 and 480:
476 Two identical spacecraft sent t
Page 481 and 482:
WAC Corporal A small liquid-propell
Page 483 and 484:
480 weight these findings to variou
Page 485 and 486:
482 White Sands Missile Range Edwar
Page 487 and 488:
484 wind tunnel orbit, Wind provide
Page 489 and 490:
486 Ahypothetical “tunnel” conn
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X planes U.S. experimental aircraft
Page 493 and 494:
490 X-33 configuration and renamed
Page 495 and 496:
Yangel, Mikhail K. (1911-1971) One
Page 497 and 498:
Zarya See International Space Stati
Page 499 and 500:
496 Aseries of Soviet probes (“zo
Page 501 and 502:
Boldfaced terms indicate entry head
Page 503 and 504:
500 Acronyms and Abbreviations GEO
Page 505 and 506:
502 Acronyms and Abbreviations POES
Page 507 and 508:
1. Abbot, Alison. “Rubbia propose
Page 509 and 510:
506 References 70. “Cyrano de Ber
Page 511 and 512:
508 References 148. Harrison, Alber
Page 513 and 514:
510 References 223. O’Neill, G. K
Page 515 and 516:
512 References 300. Verne, Jules. A
Page 517 and 518:
514 Web Sites British Interplanetar
Page 519 and 520:
516 Web Sites ICO http://www.ico.co
Page 521 and 522:
518 Web Sites Seawinds http://eosps
Page 523 and 524:
Advanced propulsion systems and rel
Page 525 and 526:
illicit cargo ingress Lunar Landing
Page 527 and 528:
Gonets Gorizont ICO IDCSP (Initial
Page 529 and 530:
launch pad launch support and hold-
Page 531 and 532:
Microgravity and technology experim
Page 533 and 534:
special theory of relativity specif
Page 535 and 536:
Rocket science and technology after
Page 537 and 538:
LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facili
Page 539:
hydrobot microsat minisat nanosat n
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The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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