The Complete Book of Spaceflight: From Apollo 1 to Zero Gravity

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STEX Space Technology Experiments STRV Space Technology Research Vehicle STS Space Transportation System SURFSAT Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship Satellite SUVO Space Ultraviolet Optical Telescope SWAS Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite TAU Thousand Astronomical Unit Probe TDA Target Docking Adapter. See Gemini TDM time-division multiplexing TDRSS Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System TERRIERS Tomographic Experiment using Radiative Recombinative Ionospheric EUV and Radio Sources THEMIS Time History of Events and Macroscale Interaction during Substorms TIMED Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetic Dynamics satellite TiPS Tether Physics and Survivability satellite TIROS Television Infrared Observation System TOD True of Date TOMS Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer TOS TIROS Operational System TPF Terrestrial Planet Finder TRACE Transition Region and Coronal Explorer TRMM Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission TSLC Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center TSS Tethered Satellite System Acronyms and Abbreviations 503 TSTO two-stage-to-orbit TWINS Two-wide Angle Imaging Neutral-atom Spectrometer UARS Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite UFO satellites UHF Follow-On satellites ULDB Project Ultra Long-Duration Balloon Project UNEX University-class Explorer USRA Universities Space Research Association UT Universal Time UV ultraviolet VAB Vertical Assembly Building VAFB Vandenberg Air Force Base VASIMR Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket VCL Vegetation Canopy Lidar VHO very high orbit VILSPA Villafranca Satellite Tracking Station VIM Voyager Interstellar Mission. See Voyager VSOP VLBI Space Observatory Program WIRE Wide-Field Infrared Explorer WRESAT Weapons Research Establishment Satellite WSMC Western Space and Missile Center XEUS X-ray Evolving Universe Spectroscopy mission XIPS xenon-ion propulsion system XMM-Newton X-ray Multi-Mirror XTE X-ray Timing Explorer ZPE zero point energy
1. Abbot, Alison. “Rubbia proposes a speedier voyage to Mars and back,” news item about an idea by Carlo Rubbia, Nobel prize–winning physicist, a new concept of a NERVA-type nuclear rocket. Nature 397 (1999): 374. 2. Adams, James. Bull’s Eye: The Assassination and Life of Supergun Inventor Gerald Bull. New York: Times Books, 1992. 3. Aharonian, F. A. Very High Energy Cosmic Gamma Radiation: A Crucial Window on the Extreme Universe. New York: World Scientific Pub. Co., 2001. 4. Alcubierre, M. “The Warp Drive: Hyper-fast travel within general relativity.” Classical and Quantum Gravity 11 (1994): L73–77. 5. Aldrin, Edwin E., Jr. Return to Earth. New York: Random House, 1974. 6. Aldrin, Edwin E., Jr. Men from Earth. New York: Bantam Books, 1989. 7. Al-Khalili, J. S. Black Holes, Wormholes and Time Machines. London: Institute of Physics, 1999. 8. Allday, Jonathan. Apollo in Perspective: Spaceflight Then and Now. Bristol, England: Institute of Physics Publications, 2000. 9. Andrews, D. G., and R. M. Zubrin. “Use of Magnetic Sails for Advanced Exploration Missions.” In Vision-21: Space Travel for the Next Millennium, edited by G. Landis. NASA CP-10059, April 1990. 10. Armstrong, Neil, et al. First on the Moon: A Voyage with Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. Boston: Little, Brown, 1970. 11. Armstrong, Neil, et al. The First Lunar Landing: 20th Anniversary/as Told by the Astronauts, Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, Michael Collins. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration EP-73, 1989. 12. Arnold, Henry H. Global Mission. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949. 13. Artsutanov, Yuri. “V Kosmos na Electrovoze” (Into Space on a Train). Komsomolskaya Pravda, July 31, 1960. 14. Atterley, Joseph [George Tucker]. A Voyage to the Moon with some Account of the Manners and Customs, Science and Philosophy of the People of Morosofia and Other Lunarians. New York: Elam Bliss, 1827. References 504 15. Augustine, Norman R. Augustine’s Laws. Washington, D.C.: American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1984. 16. Baker, David. Spaceflight and Rocketry Chronology. New York: Facts on File, 1996. 17. Baker, David. Inventions from Outer Space: Everyday Uses for NASA Technology. New York: Random House, 2000. 18. Beals, K. A., M. Beaulieu, F. J. Dembia, J. Kerstiens, D. L. Kramer, J. R. West, and J. A. Zito. Project Longshot: An Unmanned Probe to Alpha Centauri. U.S. Naval Academy. NASA-CR-184718 (1988). 19. Bean, Alan, et al. Apollo: An Eyewitness Account by Astronaut/Explorer/Artist/Moonwalker Alan Bean. The Greenwich Workshop Press, 1998. 20. Beattie, Donald A. Taking Science to the Moon: Lunar Experiments and the Apollo Program. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. 21. Bennett, C. H., and S. J. Wiesner. “Communication via one- and two-particle operators.” Physical Review Letters 69 (1992): 2881–84. 22. Benson, Charles D., and William B. Faherty. Moon Launch! (The Apollo History Series). Gainesville, Fla.: University Press of Florida, 2001. 23. Bergaust, Erik. Reaching for the Stars. New York: Doubleday, 1960. 24. Bergreen, Laurence. Voyage to Mars: NASA’s Search for Life Beyond Earth. New York: Riverhead Books, 2000. 25. Bernal, J. D. The World, the Flesh and the Devil. London: Methuen, 1929. 26. Biblarz, Oscar, and George P. Sutton. Rocket Propulsion Elements. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001. 27. Bilstein, Roger E. Flight in America: From the Wrights to the Astronauts. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001. 28. Birch, P. “Radiation Shields for Ships and Settlements.” Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 35 (1982): 515–19. 29. Bond, Alan. “An Analysis of the Potential Performance of the Ram Augmented Interstellar Rocket.” Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 27 (1974): 674–88.
Page 1 and 2:
The Complete Book of Spaceflight Fr
Page 3 and 4:
Contents Acknowledgments v Introduc
Page 5 and 6:
It is astonishing to think that the
Page 7 and 8:
4 How to Use This Book Energy 1 jou
Page 9 and 10:
6 Able passage through a dusty medi
Page 11 and 12:
8 additive additive A substance add
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10 aerobraking was one of two rocke
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12 aerospace medicine aerospace med
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14 AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sound
Page 19 and 20:
16 ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Sa
Page 21 and 22:
18 ammonium perchlorate (NH 4ClO 4)
Page 23 and 24:
20 aniline (C 6H 5NH 2) aniline (C
Page 25 and 26:
22 antiparticle efficient space pro
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24 whose main task was guidance and
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26 LUNAR MODULE FACTS Height: 6.7 m
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28 intended as simply an Earth-orbi
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30 lunar environment. Conrad inadve
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32 CSM; it transmitted data back to
Page 37 and 38:
34 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)
Page 39 and 40:
36 Ariane orbit on the 11th launch
Page 41 and 42:
38 Ariel Ariel A series of six Brit
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40 Artemis Project ESA devised a fo
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42 asteroid missions asteroid missi
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44 America’s first intercontinent
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46 atmosphere first time in the Atl
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48 Avdeyev, Sergei Avdeyev, Sergei
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50 ballistic missile ballistic miss
Page 55 and 56:
52 Belyayev, Pavel Ivanovich with t
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54 biopak their companions who had
Page 59 and 60:
56 Black Brant in June 1969, a seco
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58 boat-tail deliver a two-ton nucl
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60 boost magazine series on spacefl
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62 BS- (Broadcasting Satellite) to
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64 Buran Program was inaugurated wi
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66 canted nozzle astronaut John You
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68 carrier and as CAPCOM (Capsule C
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70 cast propellant decelerate. Then
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72 Cernan, Eugene Andrew broken bit
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Challenger disaster Following the e
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76 chemical fuel Chelomei turned hi
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78 circular velocity circular veloc
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80 Cluster Cluster An ESA (European
Page 85 and 86:
82 Colombo, Giuseppe “Bepi” Col
Page 87 and 88:
84 Aspacecraft in Earth orbit that
Page 89 and 90:
86 companion body companion body A
Page 91 and 92:
88 Copernicus Observatory longest M
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90 cosmic rays was the responsibili
Page 95 and 96:
92 Crocco, Gaetano Arturo crawler-t
Page 97 and 98:
94 Cunningham, R. Walter cryobot An
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Daedalus, Project One of the first
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98 Dawn preceded, in 2006, by SMART
Page 103 and 104:
100 Deep Space Network (DSN) Deep S
Page 105 and 106:
102 Afamily of launch vehicles deri
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104 (GEMs) for improved performance
Page 109 and 110:
106 de-orbit burn de-orbit burn (co
Page 111 and 112:
108 Dnepr Force base by a Thor Burn
Page 113 and 114:
110 downlink Douglas Skyrocket The
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112 Durant Frederick Clark, III (19
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Early Bird (communications satellit
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116 Edwards Air Force Base Echo A t
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118 Einstein Observatory other idea
Page 123 and 124:
120 electrostatic propulsion electr
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122 energy density accelerate an ob
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124 Eole Envisat Envisat being prep
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126 escape energy Organisation). ES
Page 131 and 132:
128 ETS (Engineering Test Satellite
Page 133 and 134:
130 Evans, Ronald E. used to study
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132 Explorer Launch Explorer Spacec
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134 explosive bolt explosive bolt A
Page 139 and 140:
136 FAIR (Filled-Aperture Infrared
Page 141 and 142:
138 fission, nuclear fission, nucle
Page 143 and 144:
140 flux it also supported AFSATCOM
Page 145 and 146:
142 frequency coordination held) re
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144 FTL (Project Vela) and then as
Page 149 and 150:
146 GAIA (Global Astrometric Interf
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148 gamma rays instruments and the
Page 153 and 154:
150 GEC (Global Electrodynamics Con
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152 Attitude Maneuvering System (OA
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154 down relative to the target bec
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156 Gemini 9/“Angry Alligator”
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158 Genesis launch failed and the v
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160 Geotail Geotail A joint ISAS (J
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162 Glavcosmos John Glenn Glenn don
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164 Glennan, T(homas) Keith istrato
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166 Robert Hutchings Goddard (1882-
Page 171 and 172:
168 Gonets Gonets A Russian messagi
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170 gravitational constant (G) Adva
Page 175 and 176:
172 Griffith, George shot out of a
Page 177 and 178:
174 guidance, midcourse guidance, m
Page 179 and 180:
H series (Japanese launch vehicles)
Page 181 and 182:
178 Hale, William Edward Hale The B
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180 Haruka flight. By the end of 19
Page 185 and 186:
182 Helios (reconnaissance satellit
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184 high mass fraction two Soft X-r
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186 HOPE (H-2 Orbital Plane) instru
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188 human factors NGST (Next Genera
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190 hypoxia hypoxia Oxygen deficien
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192 IDCSP (Initial Defense Communic
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194 inertia inertia The property of
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196 Intelsat (International Telecom
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198 Intercosmos Intercosmos Interna
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200 International Space Station An
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202 The ISS Takes Shape The STS-88
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204 interplanetary magnetic field C
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206 interstellar space problem by h
Page 211 and 212:
208 IRBM (Intermediate Range Ballis
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210 ISAS (Institute of Space and As
Page 215 and 216:
212 IUE (International Ultraviolet
Page 217 and 218:
214 JAS (Japanese Amateur Satellite
Page 219 and 220:
216 Joule Joule An X-ray observator
Page 221 and 222:
218 Jupiter A floodlit Jupiter C is
Page 223 and 224:
220 Kennedy Space Center (KSC) Kenn
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222 Kiwi which he broke the sound b
Page 227 and 228:
224 Kourou In the end, Korolev was
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226 Kummersdorf astronomer Gerard P
Page 231 and 232:
L series (Japanese launch vehicles)
Page 233 and 234:
230 Lagrangian orbit carries an arr
Page 235 and 236:
232 laser propulsion Houston. Langl
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234 Lebedev, Valentin V. LDEF Havin
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236 leveled thrust program in space
Page 241 and 242:
238 LiPS (Living Plume Shield) LiPS
Page 243 and 244:
240 Aseries of Chinese launch vehic
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242 Lovell, James Arthur, Jr. Lovel
Page 247 and 248:
244 Aseries of Soviet Moon probes,
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246 On January 15, 1973, Luna 21 to
Page 251 and 252:
248 Lunar Prospector Lunar Prospect
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M series (Japanese launch vehicles)
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252 MACSAT (Multiple Access Communi
Page 257 and 258:
254 Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS)
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256 MAP (Microwave Anisotropy Probe
Page 261 and 262:
258 at risk to themselves, started
Page 263 and 264:
260 An early series of Soviet space
Page 265 and 266:
262 Mars Express Mars Express (cont
Page 267 and 268:
264 Mars Pathfinder (MPF) help dete
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266 Martin Marietta United States.
Page 271 and 272:
268 Maul, Alfred MASTIF The MASTIF
Page 273 and 274:
270 MECO (main engine cutoff) recor
Page 275 and 276:
272 the suborbital journey and safe
Page 277 and 278:
274 a drugstore. Glenn also had the
Page 279 and 280:
276 Mercury-Atlas pilots to take th
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278 meteor deflection screen indica
Page 283 and 284:
280 Milstar (Military Strategic and
Page 285 and 286:
282 Alarge and long-lived Russian s
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284 modulation modulation The proce
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286 Mu long-wave infrared. It also
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288 Musudan together. Two of the co
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290 The Soviet counterpart to the S
Page 295 and 296:
292 NASA Institute for Advanced Con
Page 297 and 298:
294 NEAR-Shoemaker (Near-Earth Aste
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296 Newell, Homer E. Newell, Homer
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298 Nova (rocket) Eight of the spac
Page 303 and 304:
300 nuclear propulsion propulsion)
Page 305 and 306:
302 occultation Hermann Oberth Ober
Page 307 and 308:
304 OKB-1 OKB-1 The classified Sovi
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306 ONERA (Office National d’Étu
Page 311 and 312:
308 Orion, Project first century, t
Page 313 and 314:
310 thin surface layer. So brief wa
Page 315 and 316:
312 Osumi OSO (Orbiting Solar Obser
Page 317 and 318:
314 Palapa Paine, Thomas O. Thomas
Page 319 and 320:
316 parking orbit rifled barrel wit
Page 321 and 322:
318 Pegasus (spacecraft) Pegasus (l
Page 323 and 324:
320 Pickering, William Hayward Pick
Page 325 and 326:
322 Early Pioneers Pioneer 3 being
Page 327 and 328:
324 Planet Imager (PI) Planet Image
Page 329 and 330:
326 POES (Polar Operational Environ
Page 331 and 332:
328 pressure suit pressure suit See
Page 333 and 334:
330 Project Daedalus throughout the
Page 335 and 336:
332 PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Ve
Page 337 and 338:
“R” series of Russian missiles
Page 339 and 340:
336 radiation protection in space s
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338 radiometer such as plutonium-23
Page 343 and 344:
340 ranging ranging Techniques for
Page 345 and 346:
342 reentry vehicle materials and t
Page 347 and 348:
344 remaining mass remaining mass T
Page 349 and 350:
346 Rhyolite Rhyolite A series of U
Page 351 and 352:
348 rocket sled rocket sled A sled
Page 353 and 354:
350 Rosetta Rosetta ESA (European S
Page 355 and 356:
352 Rudolph, Arthur L. Rudolph, Art
Page 357 and 358:
354 Soviet Launches Related to Mann
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Sagan, Carl Edward (1934-1996) A pr
Page 361 and 362:
358 An early series of Soviet space
Page 363 and 364:
360 Sander, Friedrich Wilhelm had b
Page 365 and 366:
362 satellite constellation satelli
Page 367 and 368:
364 A 6.5-m ring fixed to the top o
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366 Schirra, Walter (“Wally”) M
Page 371 and 372:
368 Schweikart, Russell (“Rusty
Page 373 and 374:
370 Seamans, Robert C., Jr. vehicle
Page 375 and 376:
372 SERT (Space Electric Rocket Tes
Page 377 and 378:
374 Shah-Nama by the Space Shuttle
Page 379 and 380:
376 SIM (Space Interferometry Missi
Page 381 and 382:
378 An experimental American space
Page 383 and 384:
380 by the Skylab 2 crew. Two furth
Page 385 and 386:
382 SMEX (Small Explorer) Space Fli
Page 387 and 388:
384 Sojourner case,anellipticalorbi
Page 389 and 390:
386 sonic speed sonic speed The spe
Page 391 and 392:
388 Soyuz spacecraft ESA astronaut
Page 393 and 394:
390 space drive propellants and str
Page 395 and 396:
392 space motion sickness (SMS) the
Page 397 and 398:
394 space sail space sail A device
Page 399 and 400:
396 The core vehicle in NASA’s sp
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398 1986, it was decided to build a
Page 403 and 404:
400 Orbiter Jerry Ross, anchored to
Page 405 and 406:
402 Space Studies Board space stati
Page 407 and 408:
404 Spacehab activities for the dis
Page 409 and 410:
406 An airtight fabric suit with fl
Page 411 and 412:
408 spacewalk package. Next, the as
Page 413 and 414:
410 speed of sound speed of sound T
Page 415 and 416:
412 Squanto Terror Sputnik 2 The se
Page 417 and 418:
414 stage pilot for Gemini 3 and pi
Page 419 and 420:
416 John Paul Stapp (1910-1999) An
Page 421 and 422:
418 Starlight Starlight A NASA miss
Page 423 and 424:
420 Stewart Committee Stennis Space
Page 425 and 426:
422 stratosphere stratosphere The l
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424 surveillance satellites milliwa
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426 sweat cooling Launch Date: Dece
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tachyon A hypothetical particle tha
Page 433 and 434:
430 Tenma Telstar Telstar 1, the fi
Page 435 and 436:
432 terrestrial satellite Terrestri
Page 437 and 438:
434 Thor similar to those on the At
Page 439 and 440:
436 thrust chamber At first glance,
Page 441 and 442:
438 Tipu Sultan “Ralph” and “
Page 443 and 444:
440 Alarge intercontinental ballist
Page 445 and 446:
442 Titov, Gherman Stepanovich Tito
Page 447 and 448:
444 TOS (TIROS Operational System)
Page 449 and 450:
446 troposphere TRMM (Tropical Rain
Page 451 and 452:
448 Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolko
Page 453 and 454:
450 Tucker, George three-stage vehi
Page 455 and 456: UARS (Upper Atmosphere Research Sat
Page 457 and 458: 454 umbilical connections for measu
Page 459 and 460: “V” weapons See article, pages
Page 461 and 462: 458 “V” weapons A captured V-2
Page 463 and 464: 460 Vanguard fired from here in Dec
Page 465 and 466: 462 Vega 1 and 2 seven operational
Page 467 and 468: 464 velocity Vehicle Assembly Build
Page 469 and 470: 466 Viking (launch vehicle) Chronol
Page 471 and 472: 468 as data relays for more than an
Page 473 and 474: 470 visible light visible light Ele
Page 475 and 476: 472 Von Kármán, Theodore liquid-f
Page 477 and 478: 474 The first series of manned Russ
Page 479 and 480: 476 Two identical spacecraft sent t
Page 481 and 482: WAC Corporal A small liquid-propell
Page 483 and 484: 480 weight these findings to variou
Page 485 and 486: 482 White Sands Missile Range Edwar
Page 487 and 488: 484 wind tunnel orbit, Wind provide
Page 489 and 490: 486 Ahypothetical “tunnel” conn
Page 491 and 492: X planes U.S. experimental aircraft
Page 493 and 494: 490 X-33 configuration and renamed
Page 495 and 496: Yangel, Mikhail K. (1911-1971) One
Page 497 and 498: Zarya See International Space Stati
Page 499 and 500: 496 Aseries of Soviet probes (“zo
Page 501 and 502: Boldfaced terms indicate entry head
Page 503 and 504: 500 Acronyms and Abbreviations GEO
Page 505: 502 Acronyms and Abbreviations POES
Page 509 and 510: 506 References 70. “Cyrano de Ber
Page 511 and 512: 508 References 148. Harrison, Alber
Page 513 and 514: 510 References 223. O’Neill, G. K
Page 515 and 516: 512 References 300. Verne, Jules. A
Page 517 and 518: 514 Web Sites British Interplanetar
Page 519 and 520: 516 Web Sites ICO http://www.ico.co
Page 521 and 522: 518 Web Sites Seawinds http://eosps
Page 523 and 524: Advanced propulsion systems and rel
Page 525 and 526: illicit cargo ingress Lunar Landing
Page 527 and 528: Gonets Gorizont ICO IDCSP (Initial
Page 529 and 530: launch pad launch support and hold-
Page 531 and 532: Microgravity and technology experim
Page 533 and 534: special theory of relativity specif
Page 535 and 536: Rocket science and technology after
Page 537 and 538: LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facili
Page 539: hydrobot microsat minisat nanosat n
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