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carbons (e.g., DDT) suggests that neuropsychiatric changes and liver damage (detected by ultrasonography or biochemical parameters) in the rural group of workers might be due to this group of pesticides. Contact dermatitis and allergic sensitization have been observed frequently in pesticide workers after exposure to a variety of pesticides (Adams 1983). Photoallergic reactions have been reported as well (WHO 1989). The number of cases in exposed workers in this study differed significantly from the control group, but the numbers were small. It was difficult to determine the degree or duration of exposure to specific pesticides. Workers were shifted from department to department as vacancies occurred, and formulation of pesticides in both establishments depended on market factors. However, the overall results demonstrated the existence of hazardous working conditions in the two plants. Signs and symptoms of acute and chronic pesticide exposure were prominent, particularly for organophosphate and carbamate insecticides and for the exposed group of rural workers, for whom a reduction in AChE activity of more than 50% was recorded in 62% of workers. Liver dysfunction was observed in 90% of exposed workers, but the significance of this in terms of acute and chronic toxicity effects remains unclear because of the endemicity of bilharzia. There was good evidence of significant chronic toxicity in the form of neurologic disorders. The results of this study indicate the need to improve safety in the working environment and to train workers in the safe handling of pesticides. Acknowledgment- This work was supported by a grant from the International Development Research Centre, Canada. Adams, R.M. 1983. Occupational skin diseases. Grun and Stratton, New York, NY, USA. Alber, G.V. 1976. Zbravookhkirg, 2, 38. Amr, M.M.; El-Batanouni, M.M.; El-Gendy, M.; Gaafer, T. 1984a. Some cardiorespiratory and haematological manifestations due to exposure to zinc phosphide (ZnPO4). Egyptian Journal of Occupational Medicine, 8(2), 131-141. Amr, M.M.; Abbas, E.Z.; El Samra, G.H.; Ayed, FA. 1984b. Clinical and biochemical evaluation of hazards in workers occupationally exposed to zinc phosphide pesticide. Medical Journal of Cairo University, 52(2). Amr, M.M.; et al. 1984c. Some metabolic studies among workers exposed to zinc phosphide (ZnPO4) during its preparation in Egypt. Journal of Occupational Medicine, 8(2), 211-222. 128
Bowers, M,B.; Goodman, E.; Sim, V.M. 1964. Some behavioral changes in man following anticholinesterase administration. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 138, 383. Clemmer, H.W.; et al. 1980. Clinical findings in workers exposed to PCP. Envonmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1980, 715-725. Couri, D.; Milks, M. 1982. Toxicity and metabolism of the neurotoxic hexacarbons n-hexanone and 2,5-hexanedione. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 22, 145-166. Davis,J.E.; et al. 1986. Changing profile in human health effects of pesticides. Paper presented at the 6th international congress of pesticide chemistry, Ottawa, Canada, 10-15 August 1986. Dudeje, P.K.; Sanyal, S.N.; Agarwal, N.; Rao, T.N.; Subrahmanyam, D.; Khuller, G.K. 1980. Acute exposure of rhesus monkeys to DDT: effect on carbohydrate metabolism. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 3 1(2), 203-208. Egyptian Psychiatric Association. 1979. Diagnostic manual of psychiatric disorders. Egyptian Psychiatric Association, Cairo, Egypt. Gupta, S.K.; Jani, J.P.; Saiyed, H.N.; Kashyap, S.K. 1984. Health hazards in pesticide formulators exposed to a combination of pesticides. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 79, 666-672. Hayes, W.J., Jr. 1982. Pesticide studies in man. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, USA. Hill, E.F.; Carpenter, J.W. 1982. Response of Siberian ferrets (Mustles cuersmanni) to secondary Zn3P2 poisoning. Journal of Wildlife Management, 46(3), 678-685. Kleinknecht, D.; Morel-Maroger, L.; Callard, P.; Adhemar, J.P.; Mahieu, P. 1980. Antiglomerular basement membrane nephritis after solvent exposure. Archives of Internal Medicine, 140(2), 230-232. Klimmer, O.R. 1969. Beitrog zur Wickung des phosphorwosser H3 peffesot. Archives of Toxicology, 24, 164-187. [Cited in Hayes 1982.] Koilpakov. 1987. The possibility of early detection of disorders of the respiratory system in persons working with pesticides. Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal, 33(6), 505. Kundiev, Y.; Krasnyuk, E.P.; Viter, V. 1986. Specific features of the changes in the health status of female workers exposed to pesticides in green houses. Toxicology Letters, 33(3), 85-89. Lehnigk, B.; Thiele, E.; Wosnitzka, H. 1985. Respiratory function disorders caused by agromedical exposure. Zeitschrift fuer Erkrankungen der Atmungsorgane, 164(3), 267. Levine, R.S. 1986. Assessment of mortality and morbidity due to unintentional pesticide poisonings. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. WHO/VBC/869.929, p. 24. Mannaioni, PP. 1960. Clinical toxicological considerations in some cases of acute poisoning by zinc phosphide. Minerva Medica, 51, 3 721-3 724. 129
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Impact of pesticide use on health i
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IMPACT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HEALTH I
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©International Development Researc
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Contents Acknowledgments viii Forew
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Control of disease vectors: a curre
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Foreword From their first appearanc
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PART! EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE POI
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Although pesticides are used both i
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Table 1. Introduction of pesticides
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problem. The International Developm
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impact of pesticides on Canadian wi
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investigated further. For example,
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Conclusions The subject of this vol
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Jusoh Mamat, M.; Anas, A.N.; Heong,
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Health-risk assessment of pesticide
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especially in the absence of comple
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depends largely on external factors
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Specific situations may require spe
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that the best possible work is done
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doses (chronic poisoning) or delaye
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Table 1. Poisoning incidents in fou
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Pesticide research for public healt
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Current pest control practices in T
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800- 400- 200 - 1980 1981 1982 1983
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designed 30-40 years ago (Jusoh Mam
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and tore easily. One investigation
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education, mass-communication tools
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Increase and improve training activ
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Castaneda, C.P. 1988. Pesticide poi
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Ooi, A.C.P.; Heong, K.L.; Lim, B.K.
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Investigations into acute pyrethroi
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Level of exposure To assess the lev
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Table 2. Cases of acute pyrethroid
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(in 121 subjects), usually develope
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Deltamethrin was detectable in the
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pyrethroid poisoning. Therefore, th
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Gilliatt, R.W.; Willison, R.G. 1963
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Table 1. Value of imported pesticid
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Study two Twelve farmers participat
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All activities Left hand (73.2) Lef
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Acknowledgment- The three studies r
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Since the creation of Pakistan in 1
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Table 1. Incidents of pesticide poi
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Sandu, S.S.; Waters, M.D.; Simmon,
Page 89 and 90: and chlordane. Pest resistance to t
Page 91 and 92: young workers was 15.8%, 6.8%, and
Page 93 and 94: Storage of pesticides Although the
Page 95 and 96: Discussion The lowland regions and
Page 97 and 98: Pulmonary obstructive disease in a
Page 99 and 100: To investigate the presence and mea
Page 101 and 102: Age (years) Table 1. Distribution o
Page 103 and 104: was among paraquat users who smoked
Page 105 and 106: Levin, P.J.; Klaff, L.J.; Rose, A.G
Page 107 and 108: the delta. The total population of
Page 109 and 110: The successive and simultaneous rel
Page 111 and 112: on clinical studies and laboratory
Page 113 and 114: This made the collection of blood s
Page 115 and 116: Table 1. Relation between informati
Page 117 and 118: analysis, and engaging in various t
Page 119 and 120: Table 1. Value (million KSH) of pes
Page 121 and 122: To develop a health-education packa
Page 123 and 124: Storage site Table 3. Storage of ag
Page 125 and 126: Table 5. Causes of agrochemical and
Page 127 and 128: Methods A pilot field survey was un
Page 129 and 130: Conclusion The practices followed b
Page 131 and 132: manufactured or formulated locally,
Page 133 and 134: However, based on individual compla
Page 135 and 136: Table 4. Acetylcholinesterase activ
Page 137 and 138: Age did not appear to be an importa
Page 139: eactions to the pesticides in occup
Page 143 and 144: Extent of exposure of farm workers
Page 145 and 146: Group III consisted of 31 farmers w
Page 147 and 148: 25 - 0 Level of exposure J Group 1,
Page 149 and 150: Pesticides were stored everywhere c
Page 151 and 152: Table 2. Concluded. Question Answer
Page 153 and 154: PART II RELATING PESTICIDE DEVELOPM
Page 155 and 156: Toxicity Table 1. Requirements and
Page 157 and 158: Screening Process development Route
Page 159 and 160: Progress in improving safety Pestic
Page 161 and 162: type of formulation, and warning pr
Page 163 and 164: The pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is mo
Page 165 and 166: Studying the effects of pesticides
Page 167 and 168: of the risk is a quantitative issue
Page 169 and 170: egistry could be linked to the lice
Page 171 and 172: poisoned through mishandling of an
Page 173 and 174: no documented incident could be fou
Page 175 and 176: Region Table 3. Use of using pictog
Page 177 and 178: of fluorinated HDPE because fluorin
Page 179 and 180: Current initiatives, at the interna
Page 181 and 182: inding within their jurisdictions.
Page 183 and 184: Benefits of a hazard auditor From t
Page 185 and 186: different agencies take to be permi
Page 187 and 188: industry and of its serving to legi
Page 189 and 190: Anonymous. 1988a. FAO code of condu
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(Adam 1976; Fraser and Burrill 1979
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in the lower price categories tend
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Anas, N.; Jusoh Mamat, Md.; Heong,
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Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan
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Materials and methods Assessment of
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At the end of each day's operations
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Table 3. Number of garments chafing
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underlines the need to change attit
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Evaluation and management of pestic
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target and react with some crucial
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scientists on a contractual basis,
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pesticides in developing countries
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Regional information resources for
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Table 2. Number of enquiries receiv
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extent of this problem in developin
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Promoting the safe use of pesticide
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pests) is observed. Thus, the "quic
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is one of principal agencies respon
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Pretesting materials in training an
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of costly medical technologies and
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The agricultural sector has by far
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At the community level, the extent
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Neufeld, V. 1989. Community-based m
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Outline for learning module using o
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WHO (World Health Organization). 19
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In the past decade, tremendous effo
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Jiang-Su province Results and discu
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As a result of deregulation, the nu
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Table 3. Proportion of workers usin
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Shih, J.H.; Wu, Z.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.;
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Pesticides and wildlife: a short gu
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Using target-specific products mini
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specifications. Other data are asse
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Formulation-specific concerns The e
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mirex, and chiordecone have been ba
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1984). The base for pesticide granu
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e more stringently reviewed. In Can
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For example, searching for carcasse
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overlooked. In developing countries
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Establish monitoring programs to de
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Grue, C.E.; Fleming, W.J.; Busby, D
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Schafer, E.W., Jr; Brunton, R.B. 19
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Table 1. Prevalence and distributio
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By 1980, resistance to at least one
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tries. Japanese encephalitis has be
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to the targeted larvae of mosquitoe
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The role of the community Many prob
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from locally available sacking mate
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services. The project also includes
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Maxwell, C.A.; Curtis, C.F.; Haji,
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Botanical pesticides: optimizing pe
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neurotoxin but a cytotoxin, cross-r
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MoDuscicide- and pesticide-developm
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A development plan has been identif
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and environmental effects must be d
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Devitt, B.D.; Philogène, B.J.R.; H
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Endod, a potential natural pesticid
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University in Ottawa, and in other
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in the field (Lugt 1981), 137 500 m
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Hutchinson, J.; Dalziel, J.M. 1929.
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Community participation, including
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Acknowledgment- This research has b
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multiplication. The high temperatur
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Because pesticides are required in
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Africa and now East Africa. The suc
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Integrated pest management 1PM may
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to risk crop damage. Close involvem
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Ramos-Ocampo, V.E.; Magallona, E.D.
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esidues on fresh and cooked vegetab
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Grassy strip 108 N Farmer's Experim
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Table 1. Description and efficiency
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Table 3. Cost (PHP) of pest managem
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in the field. These pests were the
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PART V APPENDICES
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Ravindra Fernando, National Poisons
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Frank White, Pan-American Health Or
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ECHO abdominal ultrasonograph EEG e
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URT upper respiratory tract USAID U
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