Impact of - IDL-BNC @ IDRC - International Development Research ...

Compound
Organic
chem
s
Biological
ealuation
Biochemistry!
physiology
Formulation
chemistry
Process
studies
Analytical
chemistry
EManufacturing
studies
Fig. 2. Stages in developing and registering a new agrochemical.
(* Field evaluation in various parts of the world.)
construction begun. Once construction starts, the costs of the project rise
exponentially; a thorough review of all aspects of the project is essential. All
core requirements (see above) must be sufficiently met to justify the decision
on plant construction.
The last phase, which is actually open ended, is the product development
phase. Much research is needed to determine the best formulations to meet
efficacy, application, health, safety, and environment requirements without
becoming too costly. Another aspect to be considered is packaging. The
amount of material per unit and the nature of the packaging can contribute to
the safety of the product sold. Commonly, only a few of the many thousands
of chemicals tested ever reach the manufacturing and marketing stage; the
industry average is I in 25 000.
To confirm the safety of pesticides, field studies must be carried out once a
product is to be marketed. Such studies assess and measure personal exposure
and check for any biological or clinical effects. In many situations, biological
monitoring is the method chosen for personal exposure measurement as it
provides data on the total absorbed dose via all routes of entry (van Sittert
1986).
Ideally, regular health surveillance, including biological monitoring, should
be carried out on workers engaged in pesticide manufacturing, formulation,
and application. These data should also be used for epidemiologic evaluations
of possible chronic adverse health effects.
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Toxicological
studies
Toxicology
laboratory
Metabolism
studies
Residue
analysis *
Registration
Discovery phase
Optimization
phase
Development phase Registration