Impact of - IDL-BNC @ IDRC - International Development Research ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Alternative methods for pest management in developing countries K.T. MacKay International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines Pest management in developing countries is normally carried out using synthetic pesticides. On some crops (e.g., rice and vegetables), agricultural chemicals have been misused, leading to health and environmental probletns and increased resistance of agricultural pests. Given that pests may account for crop losses of up to 25%, alternative solutions are urgently need edfor the millions of small-scale farmers in developing countries. The International Development Research Centre has supported research that promotes safer pesticide application and develops alternatives to chemical pesticides. The alternatives to chemical pesticides have included plant breeding for resistance, biological control, microbial pesticides, botanical pesticides, and integrated pest management. This paper discusses specific examples of the use of these approaches in developing countries. Crop losses to pests (diseases, insects, and weeds) in developing countries can be high. Estimates throughout Southeast Asia vary from 10 to 30% depending on crop and environment (Teng and Heong 1988) and losses can be much higher when a new pest appears. In Latin America and parts of Africa, leaf diseases devastate crops of bananas and plantains, threatening the food and income of smaliholders. An insect pest from La tin America has invaded Africa, drastically lowering yields of cassava, a major staple crop. Locusts periodically swarm across Africa consuming everything in their paths. A psyllid pest of Leucaena leucocephala, a tree widely used in agroforestry and soil conservation in Asia, has moved on air currents and airplanes across the Pacific decimating Ieucaena and causing considerable economic and environmental damage (MacKay and Durno 1989). Effective pest management is essential. However, conditions in developing countries are often very different from those in the developed countries. Technology, pesticides, and approaches suitable for the developed countries often do not work in the Third World. Conditions are often ideal for pest 303
multiplication. The high temperatures and humidity in the tropics result in many generations per year, e.g., Plutella xylostella, the diamondback moth, produces up to 28 generations per year in Malaysia (Ho 1965). In irrigated areas, the asynchronous planting of rice has resulted in increased pest populations, particularly of specialized pests, when compared to the previous seasonal planting (Loevinsohn and Litsinger 1989). Cropping systems in developing countries are often complex. Multiple cropping, where two, three, or more crops are rotated in the same field during a year, and intercropping, where two or more crops are grown in the same field at the same time, are common. In addition, a one-farm family may be growing different crops in different parcels of land at the same time. The agricultural landscape is, as a consequence, much more complex and diverse in both time and space than the monocultures typical of developed-country agriculture. Land holdings are usually small (0.5 to 4 ha) and there are, therefore, a large number of farms and farmers. Typically 50-75% of a developing country's population is directly engaged in agriculture. In Thailand, for example, over 38 million people are directly involved in agricultural production. Farmers often have little formal education, are illiterate, or in some countries speak a language or dialect different from the national language. However, they often have considerable traditional knowledge about agricultural practices that is usually ignored by agricultural researchers and extension agents. Developing-country farmers are often poor. They have no cash to purchase inputs and often little access to formal credit. Informal credit may be available, but interest rates are high. It is only for the major cash crops (vegetables, rice, wheat, etc.) that government-supported credit schemes are available for the purchase of inputs. Farmers also have little equipment. Sophisticated sprayers cannot be purchased or maintained by small farmers. The backpack sprayer is the usual method of application for chemical pesticides; however, these sprayers are often ill-maintained and leak, causing a high degree of operator exposure. Protective clothing is often not available or not used. Research and extension efforts directed toward pest management are limited. There is no international institute or board devoted to developing appropriate pest-management techniques for developing countries and often methods and technologies from developed countries are transferred with little in-country testing. There is usually a high farmer-to-extension-agent ratio and extension workers know little about pest management. Priority support has been given by the (former) Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Sciences Division of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) for research that benefits the small-scale farmers of the developing countries. This has led to a concentration on the complete farming system and researchers who work closely with farmers. IDRC support for research in pest management has been in two areas: developing alternatives to chemical pesticides where current use is high; and finding low-cost alternatives for areas and subsistence crops that now use little, if any, pesticide. 304
Page 1 and 2:
Impact of pesticide use on health i
Page 3 and 4:
IMPACT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HEALTH I
Page 5 and 6:
©International Development Researc
Page 7 and 8:
Contents Acknowledgments viii Forew
Page 9 and 10:
Control of disease vectors: a curre
Page 11 and 12:
Foreword From their first appearanc
Page 13 and 14:
PART! EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE POI
Page 15 and 16:
Although pesticides are used both i
Page 17 and 18:
Table 1. Introduction of pesticides
Page 19 and 20:
problem. The International Developm
Page 21 and 22:
impact of pesticides on Canadian wi
Page 23 and 24:
investigated further. For example,
Page 25 and 26:
Conclusions The subject of this vol
Page 27 and 28:
Jusoh Mamat, M.; Anas, A.N.; Heong,
Page 29 and 30:
Health-risk assessment of pesticide
Page 31 and 32:
especially in the absence of comple
Page 33 and 34:
depends largely on external factors
Page 35 and 36:
Specific situations may require spe
Page 37 and 38:
that the best possible work is done
Page 39 and 40:
doses (chronic poisoning) or delaye
Page 41 and 42:
Table 1. Poisoning incidents in fou
Page 43 and 44:
Pesticide research for public healt
Page 45 and 46:
Current pest control practices in T
Page 47 and 48:
800- 400- 200 - 1980 1981 1982 1983
Page 49 and 50:
designed 30-40 years ago (Jusoh Mam
Page 51 and 52:
and tore easily. One investigation
Page 53 and 54:
education, mass-communication tools
Page 55 and 56:
Increase and improve training activ
Page 57 and 58:
Castaneda, C.P. 1988. Pesticide poi
Page 59 and 60:
Ooi, A.C.P.; Heong, K.L.; Lim, B.K.
Page 61 and 62:
Investigations into acute pyrethroi
Page 63 and 64:
Level of exposure To assess the lev
Page 65 and 66:
Table 2. Cases of acute pyrethroid
Page 67 and 68:
(in 121 subjects), usually develope
Page 69 and 70:
Deltamethrin was detectable in the
Page 71 and 72:
pyrethroid poisoning. Therefore, th
Page 73 and 74:
Gilliatt, R.W.; Willison, R.G. 1963
Page 75 and 76:
Table 1. Value of imported pesticid
Page 77 and 78:
Study two Twelve farmers participat
Page 79 and 80:
All activities Left hand (73.2) Lef
Page 81 and 82:
Acknowledgment- The three studies r
Page 83 and 84:
Since the creation of Pakistan in 1
Page 85 and 86:
Table 1. Incidents of pesticide poi
Page 87 and 88:
Sandu, S.S.; Waters, M.D.; Simmon,
Page 89 and 90:
and chlordane. Pest resistance to t
Page 91 and 92:
young workers was 15.8%, 6.8%, and
Page 93 and 94:
Storage of pesticides Although the
Page 95 and 96:
Discussion The lowland regions and
Page 97 and 98:
Pulmonary obstructive disease in a
Page 99 and 100:
To investigate the presence and mea
Page 101 and 102:
Age (years) Table 1. Distribution o
Page 103 and 104:
was among paraquat users who smoked
Page 105 and 106:
Levin, P.J.; Klaff, L.J.; Rose, A.G
Page 107 and 108:
the delta. The total population of
Page 109 and 110:
The successive and simultaneous rel
Page 111 and 112:
on clinical studies and laboratory
Page 113 and 114:
This made the collection of blood s
Page 115 and 116:
Table 1. Relation between informati
Page 117 and 118:
analysis, and engaging in various t
Page 119 and 120:
Table 1. Value (million KSH) of pes
Page 121 and 122:
To develop a health-education packa
Page 123 and 124:
Storage site Table 3. Storage of ag
Page 125 and 126:
Table 5. Causes of agrochemical and
Page 127 and 128:
Methods A pilot field survey was un
Page 129 and 130:
Conclusion The practices followed b
Page 131 and 132:
manufactured or formulated locally,
Page 133 and 134:
However, based on individual compla
Page 135 and 136:
Table 4. Acetylcholinesterase activ
Page 137 and 138:
Age did not appear to be an importa
Page 139 and 140:
eactions to the pesticides in occup
Page 141 and 142:
Bowers, M,B.; Goodman, E.; Sim, V.M
Page 143 and 144:
Extent of exposure of farm workers
Page 145 and 146:
Group III consisted of 31 farmers w
Page 147 and 148:
25 - 0 Level of exposure J Group 1,
Page 149 and 150:
Pesticides were stored everywhere c
Page 151 and 152:
Table 2. Concluded. Question Answer
Page 153 and 154:
PART II RELATING PESTICIDE DEVELOPM
Page 155 and 156:
Toxicity Table 1. Requirements and
Page 157 and 158:
Screening Process development Route
Page 159 and 160:
Progress in improving safety Pestic
Page 161 and 162:
type of formulation, and warning pr
Page 163 and 164:
The pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is mo
Page 165 and 166:
Studying the effects of pesticides
Page 167 and 168:
of the risk is a quantitative issue
Page 169 and 170:
egistry could be linked to the lice
Page 171 and 172:
poisoned through mishandling of an
Page 173 and 174:
no documented incident could be fou
Page 175 and 176:
Region Table 3. Use of using pictog
Page 177 and 178:
of fluorinated HDPE because fluorin
Page 179 and 180:
Current initiatives, at the interna
Page 181 and 182:
inding within their jurisdictions.
Page 183 and 184:
Benefits of a hazard auditor From t
Page 185 and 186:
different agencies take to be permi
Page 187 and 188:
industry and of its serving to legi
Page 189 and 190:
Anonymous. 1988a. FAO code of condu
Page 191 and 192:
(Adam 1976; Fraser and Burrill 1979
Page 193 and 194:
in the lower price categories tend
Page 195 and 196:
Anas, N.; Jusoh Mamat, Md.; Heong,
Page 197 and 198:
Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan
Page 199 and 200:
Materials and methods Assessment of
Page 201 and 202:
At the end of each day's operations
Page 203 and 204:
Table 3. Number of garments chafing
Page 205 and 206:
underlines the need to change attit
Page 207 and 208:
Evaluation and management of pestic
Page 209 and 210:
target and react with some crucial
Page 211 and 212:
scientists on a contractual basis,
Page 213 and 214:
pesticides in developing countries
Page 215 and 216:
Regional information resources for
Page 217 and 218:
Table 2. Number of enquiries receiv
Page 219 and 220:
extent of this problem in developin
Page 221 and 222:
Promoting the safe use of pesticide
Page 223 and 224:
pests) is observed. Thus, the "quic
Page 225 and 226:
is one of principal agencies respon
Page 227 and 228:
Pretesting materials in training an
Page 229 and 230:
of costly medical technologies and
Page 231 and 232:
The agricultural sector has by far
Page 233 and 234:
At the community level, the extent
Page 235 and 236:
Neufeld, V. 1989. Community-based m
Page 237 and 238:
Outline for learning module using o
Page 239 and 240:
WHO (World Health Organization). 19
Page 241 and 242:
In the past decade, tremendous effo
Page 243 and 244:
Jiang-Su province Results and discu
Page 245 and 246:
As a result of deregulation, the nu
Page 247 and 248:
Table 3. Proportion of workers usin
Page 249 and 250:
Shih, J.H.; Wu, Z.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.;
Page 251 and 252:
Pesticides and wildlife: a short gu
Page 253 and 254:
Using target-specific products mini
Page 255 and 256:
specifications. Other data are asse
Page 257 and 258:
Formulation-specific concerns The e
Page 259 and 260:
mirex, and chiordecone have been ba
Page 261 and 262:
1984). The base for pesticide granu
Page 263 and 264: e more stringently reviewed. In Can
Page 265 and 266: For example, searching for carcasse
Page 267 and 268: overlooked. In developing countries
Page 269 and 270: Establish monitoring programs to de
Page 271 and 272: Grue, C.E.; Fleming, W.J.; Busby, D
Page 273 and 274: Schafer, E.W., Jr; Brunton, R.B. 19
Page 275 and 276: Table 1. Prevalence and distributio
Page 277 and 278: By 1980, resistance to at least one
Page 279 and 280: tries. Japanese encephalitis has be
Page 281 and 282: to the targeted larvae of mosquitoe
Page 283 and 284: The role of the community Many prob
Page 285 and 286: from locally available sacking mate
Page 287 and 288: services. The project also includes
Page 289 and 290: Maxwell, C.A.; Curtis, C.F.; Haji,
Page 291 and 292: Botanical pesticides: optimizing pe
Page 293 and 294: neurotoxin but a cytotoxin, cross-r
Page 295 and 296: MoDuscicide- and pesticide-developm
Page 297 and 298: A development plan has been identif
Page 299 and 300: and environmental effects must be d
Page 301 and 302: Devitt, B.D.; Philogène, B.J.R.; H
Page 303 and 304: Endod, a potential natural pesticid
Page 305 and 306: University in Ottawa, and in other
Page 307 and 308: in the field (Lugt 1981), 137 500 m
Page 309 and 310: Hutchinson, J.; Dalziel, J.M. 1929.
Page 311 and 312: Community participation, including
Page 313: Acknowledgment- This research has b
Page 317 and 318: Because pesticides are required in
Page 319 and 320: Africa and now East Africa. The suc
Page 321 and 322: Integrated pest management 1PM may
Page 323 and 324: to risk crop damage. Close involvem
Page 325 and 326: Ramos-Ocampo, V.E.; Magallona, E.D.
Page 327 and 328: esidues on fresh and cooked vegetab
Page 329 and 330: Grassy strip 108 N Farmer's Experim
Page 331 and 332: Table 1. Description and efficiency
Page 333 and 334: Table 3. Cost (PHP) of pest managem
Page 335 and 336: in the field. These pests were the
Page 337 and 338: PART V APPENDICES
Page 339 and 340: Ravindra Fernando, National Poisons
Page 341 and 342: Frank White, Pan-American Health Or
Page 343 and 344: ECHO abdominal ultrasonograph EEG e
Page 345 and 346: URT upper respiratory tract USAID U
show all

Impact of - IDL-BNC @ IDRC - International Development Research ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?