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Cheng, E.Y. 1986. The resistance, cross resistance, and chemical control of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, in Taiwan. In Criggs, T.D., ed., Diamondback moth management: proceedings of the first international workshop, Tainan, Taiwan, 11-15 March 1985. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan. Pp. 329-345. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1986. International code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides. FAO, Rome, Italy. 31 pp. Hashim, B.L.; Yeoh, H.F. 1988. Pesticide residue studies in Malaysia. In Teng, P.S.; Heong, K.L., ed., Pesticide management and integrated pest management in Southeast Asia: proceedings of the Southeast Asia pesticide management and integrated pest management workshop, 23-27 February 1987, Pattaya, Thailand. Island Publishing House, Manila, Philippines. Pp. 349-354. He, F.; Wang, S.; Liu, L.; Chen, S.; Zhang, Z.; Sun, J. 1989. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of acute pyrethroid poisoning. Archives of Toxicology, 63, 54-58. Ho, T.H. 1965. The life history and control of the diamondback moth in Malaya. Ministries of Agriculture and Co-operatives Bulletin, 118, 26. Loevinsohn, M.E. 1987. Insecticide use and increased mortality in rural Central Luzon, Philippines. Lancet, 1987 (June 13), 1 359-1 362. 1989. Pesticides in the Third World: controlling hazards where regulation is weak. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Agriculture Institute of Canada/Canadian Society for Pest Management, 10-12 July 1989, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Agricultural Institute of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Loevinsohn, M.E.; Litsinger, J.A. 1989. Time and the abundance of rice pests. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Agriculture Institute of Canada/ Canadian Society for Pest Management, 10-12 July 1989, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Agricultural Institute of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. MacKay, K.T. 1989. Sustainable agricultural systems: issues for farming systems research. Paper presented at the international workshop on developments in procedures for farming systems research, 13-17 March 1989, Bogor, Indonesia. IDRC, Singapore. 14 pp. MacKay, K.T.; Durno, J. 1989. Do magic bullets work? Lessons from the miracle tree, Leucaena leucocephala. Paper presented at the 7th international scientific conference, 2-5 January 1989, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, Oberwil, Switzerland. Mattson, W.J. 1980. Herbivory in relation to plant nitrogen content. Annual Review Ecology and Systematics, 11, 119-161. Pesticides Trust. 1989. Prior informed consent in the international code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides. Pesticides Trust, London, UK. 313
Ramos-Ocampo, V.E.; Magallona, E.D.; Tejada, A.W. 1988. Pesticide residues in the Philippines. In Teng, P.S.; Heong, K.L., ed., Pesticide management and integrated pest management in Southeast Asia: proceedings of the Southeast Asia pesticide management and integrated pest management workshop, 23-27 Fobmary 1987, Pattaya, Thailand. Island Publishing 1-louse, Manila, Philippines. Pp. 355-367. Rola, A.C. 1988. Pesticides, health risks and farm productivity: a Philippine experience. Final report (Assessing the benefits and risks of pesticide use in Philippine agriculture) submitted to the Agricultural Policy Research Program, University of the Philippines, Los Baios, Philippines. 122 pp. Rushtapakornchai, W.; Vattanatangum, A. 1986. Present status of insecticidal control of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, in Thailand. In Griggs, T.D., ed., Diamondback moth management proceedings of the first international workshop, Tainan, Taiwan, 11-15 March 1985. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center, Shanhua, Taiwan. Pp. 307-312. Soekardi, M. 1988. Pesticide residue control and monitoring in Indonesia. In Tong, P.S.; Heong, K.L., ed., Pesticide management and integrated pest management in Southeast Asia: proceedings of the Southeast Asia pesticide management and integrated pest management workshop, 23-27 February 1987, Pattaya, Thailand. Island Publishing House, Manila, Philippines. Pp. 373-378. Tayaputch, N. 1988. Pesticide residues in Thailand. In Teng, P.S.; Heong, K.L., ed., Pesticide management and integrated pest management in Southeast Asia: proceedings of the Southeast Asia pesticide management and integrated post management workshop, 23-27 February 1987, Pattaya, Thailand. Island Publishing House, Manila, Philippines. Pp. 343-347. Teng, P.S.; Heong, K.L., ed. 1988. Pesticide management and integrated pest management in Southeast Asia: proceedings of the Southeast Asia pesticide management and integrated pest management workshop, 23-27 February 1987, Pattaya, Thailand. Island Publishing House, Manila, Philippines. 473 pp. Wanloelag, N.; Tau-Thong, P. 1986. Insect pests and residual analysis of toxic substances in groundnut. Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand. Groundnut improvement project, research reports for 1982-1985, pp. 151-161. 1987. Residual analysis of the soil. Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand. Groundnut improvement project, progress report for 1986, pp. 51-60. Wanleelag, N.; Tau-Thong, P.; Impitak, S.; Sothikul, A.; Chawengsri, V. 1988. Residues of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide in groundnut. Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand. Groundnut improvement project, progress report for 1987, pp. 36-43. White, T.C.R. 1984. The abundance of invertebrate herbivores in relation to the availability of nitrogren in stressed food plants. Oecologia, 63, 90-105. :n 4
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Impact of pesticide use on health i
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IMPACT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HEALTH I
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©International Development Researc
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Contents Acknowledgments viii Forew
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Control of disease vectors: a curre
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Foreword From their first appearanc
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PART! EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE POI
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Although pesticides are used both i
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Table 1. Introduction of pesticides
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problem. The International Developm
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impact of pesticides on Canadian wi
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investigated further. For example,
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Conclusions The subject of this vol
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Jusoh Mamat, M.; Anas, A.N.; Heong,
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Health-risk assessment of pesticide
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especially in the absence of comple
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depends largely on external factors
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Specific situations may require spe
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that the best possible work is done
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doses (chronic poisoning) or delaye
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Table 1. Poisoning incidents in fou
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Pesticide research for public healt
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Current pest control practices in T
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800- 400- 200 - 1980 1981 1982 1983
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designed 30-40 years ago (Jusoh Mam
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and tore easily. One investigation
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education, mass-communication tools
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Increase and improve training activ
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Castaneda, C.P. 1988. Pesticide poi
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Ooi, A.C.P.; Heong, K.L.; Lim, B.K.
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Investigations into acute pyrethroi
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Level of exposure To assess the lev
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Table 2. Cases of acute pyrethroid
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(in 121 subjects), usually develope
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Deltamethrin was detectable in the
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pyrethroid poisoning. Therefore, th
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Gilliatt, R.W.; Willison, R.G. 1963
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Table 1. Value of imported pesticid
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Study two Twelve farmers participat
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All activities Left hand (73.2) Lef
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Acknowledgment- The three studies r
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Since the creation of Pakistan in 1
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Table 1. Incidents of pesticide poi
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Sandu, S.S.; Waters, M.D.; Simmon,
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and chlordane. Pest resistance to t
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young workers was 15.8%, 6.8%, and
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Storage of pesticides Although the
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Discussion The lowland regions and
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Pulmonary obstructive disease in a
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To investigate the presence and mea
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Age (years) Table 1. Distribution o
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was among paraquat users who smoked
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Levin, P.J.; Klaff, L.J.; Rose, A.G
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the delta. The total population of
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The successive and simultaneous rel
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on clinical studies and laboratory
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This made the collection of blood s
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Table 1. Relation between informati
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analysis, and engaging in various t
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Table 1. Value (million KSH) of pes
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To develop a health-education packa
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Storage site Table 3. Storage of ag
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Table 5. Causes of agrochemical and
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Methods A pilot field survey was un
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Conclusion The practices followed b
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manufactured or formulated locally,
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However, based on individual compla
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Table 4. Acetylcholinesterase activ
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Age did not appear to be an importa
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eactions to the pesticides in occup
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Bowers, M,B.; Goodman, E.; Sim, V.M
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Extent of exposure of farm workers
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Group III consisted of 31 farmers w
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25 - 0 Level of exposure J Group 1,
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Pesticides were stored everywhere c
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Table 2. Concluded. Question Answer
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PART II RELATING PESTICIDE DEVELOPM
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Toxicity Table 1. Requirements and
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Screening Process development Route
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Progress in improving safety Pestic
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type of formulation, and warning pr
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The pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is mo
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Studying the effects of pesticides
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of the risk is a quantitative issue
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egistry could be linked to the lice
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poisoned through mishandling of an
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no documented incident could be fou
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Region Table 3. Use of using pictog
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of fluorinated HDPE because fluorin
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Current initiatives, at the interna
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inding within their jurisdictions.
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Benefits of a hazard auditor From t
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different agencies take to be permi
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industry and of its serving to legi
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Anonymous. 1988a. FAO code of condu
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(Adam 1976; Fraser and Burrill 1979
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in the lower price categories tend
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Anas, N.; Jusoh Mamat, Md.; Heong,
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Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan
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Materials and methods Assessment of
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At the end of each day's operations
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Table 3. Number of garments chafing
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underlines the need to change attit
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Evaluation and management of pestic
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target and react with some crucial
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scientists on a contractual basis,
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pesticides in developing countries
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Regional information resources for
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Table 2. Number of enquiries receiv
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extent of this problem in developin
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Promoting the safe use of pesticide
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pests) is observed. Thus, the "quic
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is one of principal agencies respon
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Pretesting materials in training an
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of costly medical technologies and
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The agricultural sector has by far
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At the community level, the extent
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Neufeld, V. 1989. Community-based m
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Outline for learning module using o
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WHO (World Health Organization). 19
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In the past decade, tremendous effo
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Jiang-Su province Results and discu
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As a result of deregulation, the nu
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Table 3. Proportion of workers usin
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Shih, J.H.; Wu, Z.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.;
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Pesticides and wildlife: a short gu
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Using target-specific products mini
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specifications. Other data are asse
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Formulation-specific concerns The e
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mirex, and chiordecone have been ba
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1984). The base for pesticide granu
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e more stringently reviewed. In Can
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For example, searching for carcasse
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overlooked. In developing countries
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Establish monitoring programs to de
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Grue, C.E.; Fleming, W.J.; Busby, D
Page 273 and 274: Schafer, E.W., Jr; Brunton, R.B. 19
Page 275 and 276: Table 1. Prevalence and distributio
Page 277 and 278: By 1980, resistance to at least one
Page 279 and 280: tries. Japanese encephalitis has be
Page 281 and 282: to the targeted larvae of mosquitoe
Page 283 and 284: The role of the community Many prob
Page 285 and 286: from locally available sacking mate
Page 287 and 288: services. The project also includes
Page 289 and 290: Maxwell, C.A.; Curtis, C.F.; Haji,
Page 291 and 292: Botanical pesticides: optimizing pe
Page 293 and 294: neurotoxin but a cytotoxin, cross-r
Page 295 and 296: MoDuscicide- and pesticide-developm
Page 297 and 298: A development plan has been identif
Page 299 and 300: and environmental effects must be d
Page 301 and 302: Devitt, B.D.; Philogène, B.J.R.; H
Page 303 and 304: Endod, a potential natural pesticid
Page 305 and 306: University in Ottawa, and in other
Page 307 and 308: in the field (Lugt 1981), 137 500 m
Page 309 and 310: Hutchinson, J.; Dalziel, J.M. 1929.
Page 311 and 312: Community participation, including
Page 313 and 314: Acknowledgment- This research has b
Page 315 and 316: multiplication. The high temperatur
Page 317 and 318: Because pesticides are required in
Page 319 and 320: Africa and now East Africa. The suc
Page 321 and 322: Integrated pest management 1PM may
Page 323: to risk crop damage. Close involvem
Page 327 and 328: esidues on fresh and cooked vegetab
Page 329 and 330: Grassy strip 108 N Farmer's Experim
Page 331 and 332: Table 1. Description and efficiency
Page 333 and 334: Table 3. Cost (PHP) of pest managem
Page 335 and 336: in the field. These pests were the
Page 337 and 338: PART V APPENDICES
Page 339 and 340: Ravindra Fernando, National Poisons
Page 341 and 342: Frank White, Pan-American Health Or
Page 343 and 344: ECHO abdominal ultrasonograph EEG e
Page 345 and 346: URT upper respiratory tract USAID U
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