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to all common pesticides. In an emergency, doctors can refer to this book before contacting the Centre. Other reference publications include Pesticides in Sri Lanka (Friedrich-Ebert- Stiftung), which contains a collection of articles on all aspects of pesticide use in Sri Lanka in the last few decades. It contains information on economic, agricultural, medical, occupational, and legal aspects of pesticide use and is a valuable source for researchers. A brochure - First Aid for Pesticide Poisoning - in English and two national languages was distributed mainly through trade unions on tea, rubber, and coconut plantations. NPIC produced a poster in English and the national languages that includes information on first aid for poisoning. It is now a widely recognized institution in Sri Lanka and is represented on the recently appointed National Committee to Monitor Import and Use of Chemicals. The Centre receives requests to participate in scientific and public seminars and meetings where poisoning is discussed. The Centre is one of four pilot organizations using the poisons information package for developing countries that was developed by the International Programme on Chemical Safety. The national Centre contributed to this project by preparing 12 monographs containing poison information, including one on the herbicide propanil. Over the past 2 years, the Centre has faced difficulties in answering some queries about pesticides because of lack of information on their toxicity. An enquiry concerning the effects of skin exposure to phenyl mercury acetate required contacting the importer of this pesticide who contacted the suppliers in the West. The necessary information was finally telexed to Sri Lanka. Another problem was the unavailability of antidotes. Intravenous methylene blue, necessary for the treatment of methemoglobinemia caused by propanil poisoning was not available in Sri Lanka. After several deaths from propanil poisoning, the Ministry of Health was asked to import methylene blue. All pesticides imported into Sri Lanka must be approved by the registrar of pesticides. Nevertheless, some businesses continue to import and sell banned substances, such as compounds containing arsenic; the antidote is not available in Sri Lanka. The Centre has received several enquiries about these pesticides and has informed the registrar accordingly. The need for a regional information network The problems encountered in Sri Lanka are not unique. Many developing countries face similar situations in relation to pesticide poisoning. Although there is worldwide concern about pesticide residues in the food we consume, the lack of analytical and monitoring facilities limit our knowledge of the 207
extent of this problem in developing countries. Similarly, the effects of pesticides on the environment have not been adequately studied in these countries. Although developing countries use only one-quarter of all pesticides produced in the world, half the intoxications and three-quarters of deaths from pesticide poisoning occur there. The lack of scientific journals and publication facilities has resulted in a dearth of information on pesticide-related ill-health. Unusual and sometimes bizarre cases of poisoning in developing countries are occasionally reported in international scientific journals, although the number is insignificant. Intercountry projects, such as the Regional Network on Pesticides in Asia and Pacific and the Safety and Control of Toxic Chemicals and Pollutants deal with agricultural and environmental aspects of pesticides. However, their contribution to reducing morbidity and mortality resulting from pesticide poisoning has not been significant. The lack of information on the extent of pesticide poisoning is an immediate concern of the World Health Organization (WHO), industry, and governments, especially those of the developing world. Information on poisoning in both developed and developing countries is not widely disseminated among medical personnel in developing countries. A regional information network could improve this situation. Such a network could also be a valuable resource for pesticide-related research in public health and safety in Asia and the Pacific. Information on all aspects of pesticide poisoning must be collected, classified, catalogued, abstracted, indexed, and disseminated for the use of researchers in the region. It should include information on epidemiology and medical management of pesticide poisoning, environmental pollution, pesticide residues in food and water, application technology, public awareness, healtheducation activities on use and misuse of pesticides, adequacy of protective clothing, and legislation to prevent health hazards. If successfully and efficiently disseminated, information of this type could help to identify and set priorities for research and possibilities for collaborative research among countries in Asia and the Pacific. The experience gained in planning and organizing NPIC in Sri Lanka would be useful in establishing a regional information network on pesticides poisoning. Through national coordinators or focal points in selected countries, the network would be able to collect and disseminate information. National information networks are the foundation for building complete information systems at the subregional, regional, and global levels. Developing an information system can be like building a pyramid. If each country builds a well-developed system of its own to serve as the base, then the information systems at higher levels will be more effective and better maintained. The goal of networking is to have two-way communication. In this way, all members of a network have knowledge about the other levels and interruptions or gaps in the flow of information are avoided. 208
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Impact of pesticide use on health i
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IMPACT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HEALTH I
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©International Development Researc
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Contents Acknowledgments viii Forew
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Control of disease vectors: a curre
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Foreword From their first appearanc
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PART! EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE POI
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Although pesticides are used both i
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Table 1. Introduction of pesticides
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problem. The International Developm
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impact of pesticides on Canadian wi
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investigated further. For example,
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Conclusions The subject of this vol
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Jusoh Mamat, M.; Anas, A.N.; Heong,
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Health-risk assessment of pesticide
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especially in the absence of comple
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depends largely on external factors
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Specific situations may require spe
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that the best possible work is done
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doses (chronic poisoning) or delaye
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Table 1. Poisoning incidents in fou
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Pesticide research for public healt
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Current pest control practices in T
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800- 400- 200 - 1980 1981 1982 1983
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designed 30-40 years ago (Jusoh Mam
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and tore easily. One investigation
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education, mass-communication tools
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Increase and improve training activ
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Castaneda, C.P. 1988. Pesticide poi
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Ooi, A.C.P.; Heong, K.L.; Lim, B.K.
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Investigations into acute pyrethroi
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Level of exposure To assess the lev
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Table 2. Cases of acute pyrethroid
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(in 121 subjects), usually develope
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Deltamethrin was detectable in the
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pyrethroid poisoning. Therefore, th
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Gilliatt, R.W.; Willison, R.G. 1963
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Table 1. Value of imported pesticid
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Study two Twelve farmers participat
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All activities Left hand (73.2) Lef
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Acknowledgment- The three studies r
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Since the creation of Pakistan in 1
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Table 1. Incidents of pesticide poi
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Sandu, S.S.; Waters, M.D.; Simmon,
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and chlordane. Pest resistance to t
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young workers was 15.8%, 6.8%, and
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Storage of pesticides Although the
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Discussion The lowland regions and
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Pulmonary obstructive disease in a
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To investigate the presence and mea
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Age (years) Table 1. Distribution o
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was among paraquat users who smoked
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Levin, P.J.; Klaff, L.J.; Rose, A.G
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the delta. The total population of
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The successive and simultaneous rel
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on clinical studies and laboratory
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This made the collection of blood s
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Table 1. Relation between informati
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analysis, and engaging in various t
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Table 1. Value (million KSH) of pes
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To develop a health-education packa
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Storage site Table 3. Storage of ag
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Table 5. Causes of agrochemical and
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Methods A pilot field survey was un
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Conclusion The practices followed b
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manufactured or formulated locally,
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However, based on individual compla
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Table 4. Acetylcholinesterase activ
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Age did not appear to be an importa
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eactions to the pesticides in occup
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Bowers, M,B.; Goodman, E.; Sim, V.M
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Extent of exposure of farm workers
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Group III consisted of 31 farmers w
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25 - 0 Level of exposure J Group 1,
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Pesticides were stored everywhere c
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Table 2. Concluded. Question Answer
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PART II RELATING PESTICIDE DEVELOPM
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Toxicity Table 1. Requirements and
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Screening Process development Route
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Progress in improving safety Pestic
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type of formulation, and warning pr
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The pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is mo
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Studying the effects of pesticides
Page 167 and 168: of the risk is a quantitative issue
Page 169 and 170: egistry could be linked to the lice
Page 171 and 172: poisoned through mishandling of an
Page 173 and 174: no documented incident could be fou
Page 175 and 176: Region Table 3. Use of using pictog
Page 177 and 178: of fluorinated HDPE because fluorin
Page 179 and 180: Current initiatives, at the interna
Page 181 and 182: inding within their jurisdictions.
Page 183 and 184: Benefits of a hazard auditor From t
Page 185 and 186: different agencies take to be permi
Page 187 and 188: industry and of its serving to legi
Page 189 and 190: Anonymous. 1988a. FAO code of condu
Page 191 and 192: (Adam 1976; Fraser and Burrill 1979
Page 193 and 194: in the lower price categories tend
Page 195 and 196: Anas, N.; Jusoh Mamat, Md.; Heong,
Page 197 and 198: Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan
Page 199 and 200: Materials and methods Assessment of
Page 201 and 202: At the end of each day's operations
Page 203 and 204: Table 3. Number of garments chafing
Page 205 and 206: underlines the need to change attit
Page 207 and 208: Evaluation and management of pestic
Page 209 and 210: target and react with some crucial
Page 211 and 212: scientists on a contractual basis,
Page 213 and 214: pesticides in developing countries
Page 215 and 216: Regional information resources for
Page 217: Table 2. Number of enquiries receiv
Page 221 and 222: Promoting the safe use of pesticide
Page 223 and 224: pests) is observed. Thus, the "quic
Page 225 and 226: is one of principal agencies respon
Page 227 and 228: Pretesting materials in training an
Page 229 and 230: of costly medical technologies and
Page 231 and 232: The agricultural sector has by far
Page 233 and 234: At the community level, the extent
Page 235 and 236: Neufeld, V. 1989. Community-based m
Page 237 and 238: Outline for learning module using o
Page 239 and 240: WHO (World Health Organization). 19
Page 241 and 242: In the past decade, tremendous effo
Page 243 and 244: Jiang-Su province Results and discu
Page 245 and 246: As a result of deregulation, the nu
Page 247 and 248: Table 3. Proportion of workers usin
Page 249 and 250: Shih, J.H.; Wu, Z.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.;
Page 251 and 252: Pesticides and wildlife: a short gu
Page 253 and 254: Using target-specific products mini
Page 255 and 256: specifications. Other data are asse
Page 257 and 258: Formulation-specific concerns The e
Page 259 and 260: mirex, and chiordecone have been ba
Page 261 and 262: 1984). The base for pesticide granu
Page 263 and 264: e more stringently reviewed. In Can
Page 265 and 266: For example, searching for carcasse
Page 267 and 268: overlooked. In developing countries
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Establish monitoring programs to de
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Grue, C.E.; Fleming, W.J.; Busby, D
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Schafer, E.W., Jr; Brunton, R.B. 19
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Table 1. Prevalence and distributio
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By 1980, resistance to at least one
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tries. Japanese encephalitis has be
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to the targeted larvae of mosquitoe
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The role of the community Many prob
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from locally available sacking mate
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services. The project also includes
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Maxwell, C.A.; Curtis, C.F.; Haji,
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Botanical pesticides: optimizing pe
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neurotoxin but a cytotoxin, cross-r
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MoDuscicide- and pesticide-developm
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A development plan has been identif
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and environmental effects must be d
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Devitt, B.D.; Philogène, B.J.R.; H
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Endod, a potential natural pesticid
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University in Ottawa, and in other
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in the field (Lugt 1981), 137 500 m
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Hutchinson, J.; Dalziel, J.M. 1929.
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Community participation, including
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Acknowledgment- This research has b
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multiplication. The high temperatur
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Because pesticides are required in
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Africa and now East Africa. The suc
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Integrated pest management 1PM may
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to risk crop damage. Close involvem
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Ramos-Ocampo, V.E.; Magallona, E.D.
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esidues on fresh and cooked vegetab
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Grassy strip 108 N Farmer's Experim
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Table 1. Description and efficiency
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Table 3. Cost (PHP) of pest managem
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in the field. These pests were the
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PART V APPENDICES
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Ravindra Fernando, National Poisons
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Frank White, Pan-American Health Or
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ECHO abdominal ultrasonograph EEG e
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URT upper respiratory tract USAID U
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