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Birley, M.H. 1989. Guidelines for forecasting the vector-borne disease implications of water resources development. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. PEEM Guidelines Series 2, unpublished report, WHO! VBC/89.6. Bull, D. 1982. A growing problem: pesticides and the Third World poor. Oxfam, Oxford, UK. 192 pp. Curtis, C.R; Lines, J.D.; Ijumba, J.; Callaghan, A.; Hill, N.; Karimzad, M.A. 1987. The relative efficacy of repellents against mosquito vectors of disease. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 1(2), 109-119. Davidson, G. 1989. Insecticide use: an anti-alarmist view of its advantages and disadvantages. Tropical Diseases Bulletin, 86(6), R1-R6. Giglioli, M.E.C. 1979. Aedes aegypti programs in the Caribbean and emergency measures against the dengue pandemic of 1977-1978: a critical review. In Dengue in the Caribbean, 1977. Pan-American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA. Scientific Publication 375, pp. 133-152. Gubler, D.J. 1989. Aedes aegypti and Aedes aegypti-borne disease control in the 1990s: top down or bottom up. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 40(6), 571-578. Gupta, D.K.; Sharma, R.C.; Sharma, V.P. 1989. Bioenvironmental control of malaria linked with edible fish production in Gujarat. Indian Journal of Malariology, 26(1), 55-59. Harrison, G. 1978. Mosquitoes, malaria and man. John Murray, London, UK. 314pp. Hopkins, D.R. 1988. Dracunculiasis eradication: the tide has turned. Lancet, 1988, 148-150. Hudson, J.E. 1985. The development of Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 for vector control. Tropical Diseases Bulletin, 82(8), RI-RIO. Lacey, L.A.; d'Alessandro, A.; Barreto, M. 1989. Evaluation of a chlorpyrifos-based paint for the control of Triatominae. Bulletin of the Society of Vector Ecologists, 14(1), 81-86. Lacey, L.A.; Lacey, C.M. 1990. The medical importance of riceland mosquitoes and their control using alternatives to chemical insecticides. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 6 (suppi. 2), 1-93. Lindsay, S.W.; Gibson, M.E. 1988. Bednets revisited - old idea, new angle. Parasitology Today, 4(10), 270-272. Lindsay, S.W.; Janneh, L.M. 1989. Preliminary field trials of personal protection against mosquitoes in The Gambia using DEET or permethrin in soap, compared with other methods. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 3(1), 97-100. Lipton, M.; de Kadt, E. 1988. Agriculture-health linkages. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Offset Publication 104, 111 pp. MacCormack, C.P. 1990. Appropriate vector control in primary health care. In Curtis, C.E, ed., Appropriate technology for vector control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. Pp. 221-227. 277
Maxwell, C.A.; Curtis, C.F.; Haji, H.; Kisumku, S.; Thalib, A.!.; Yahya, S.A. 1990. Control of Bancroftian filariasis by integrating therapy with vector control using polystyrene beads in wet pit latrines. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 84(5), 709-714. Miller, T.A. 1988. Mechanisms of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Parasitology Today, 4(7), S8-S9, S12. Minjas, J.N.; Sarda, R.K. 1986. Observations on the toxicity of Swartzia madagascarensis (Leguminosae) extract to mosquito larvae. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 80(3), 460-461. Okoth, J.O. 1986. Community participation in tsetse control. Parasitology Today, 2(3),88. Remme, J.; Zongo, J.B. 1989. Demographic aspects of the epidemiology and control of onchocerciasis in West Africa. In Service, M.W., ed., Demography and vectorborne disease. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. Pp. 367-386. Rivière, F; Kay, B.; Klein, J.M.; Sechan, Y. 1989. Me.socyclops aspericornis (Copepoda) and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis for the biological control of Ae4es and Culex vectors (Diptera: Culicidac) breeding in crab holes, tree holes and artificial containers. Journal of Medical Entomology, 24(4), 425-430. Rozendaal, J.; Curtis, C.E 1989. Recent research on impregnated mosquito nets. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 5(4), 500-507. Schofield, C.J.; White, G.B. 1984. House design and domestic vectors of disease. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 78, 285- 292. Service, M.W. 1989. Irrigation: boon or bane? In Service, M.W., ed., Demography and vector-borne disease. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA. Pp. 237-254. Soper, EL.; Wilson, D.B.; Lima, S.; Antunes, W.S. 1943. The organization of permanent, nation-wide anti-Aedes aegypti measures in Brazil. Rockefeller Foundation, New York, NY, USA. Wada, Y. 1988. Strategies for control of Japanese encephalitis in rice production systems in developing countries. In Smith, W.H., ed., Vector-borne disease control in humans through rice agroecosystem management. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines. Pp. 153-160. WHO (World Health Organization). 1972. Vector control in international health. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. 144 pp. 1982. Manual on environmental management for mosquito control, with special emphasis on malaria vectors. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. Offset Publication 66, 283 pp. 1983. Integrated vector control. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. Technical Report Series 688, 72 pp. 1984. Chemical methods for the control of arthropod vectors and pests of public health importance. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. 108 pp. 278
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Impact of pesticide use on health i
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IMPACT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HEALTH I
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©International Development Researc
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Contents Acknowledgments viii Forew
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Control of disease vectors: a curre
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Foreword From their first appearanc
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PART! EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE POI
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Although pesticides are used both i
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Table 1. Introduction of pesticides
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problem. The International Developm
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impact of pesticides on Canadian wi
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investigated further. For example,
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Conclusions The subject of this vol
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Jusoh Mamat, M.; Anas, A.N.; Heong,
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Health-risk assessment of pesticide
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especially in the absence of comple
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depends largely on external factors
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Specific situations may require spe
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that the best possible work is done
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doses (chronic poisoning) or delaye
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Table 1. Poisoning incidents in fou
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Pesticide research for public healt
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Current pest control practices in T
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800- 400- 200 - 1980 1981 1982 1983
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designed 30-40 years ago (Jusoh Mam
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and tore easily. One investigation
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education, mass-communication tools
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Increase and improve training activ
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Castaneda, C.P. 1988. Pesticide poi
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Ooi, A.C.P.; Heong, K.L.; Lim, B.K.
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Investigations into acute pyrethroi
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Level of exposure To assess the lev
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Table 2. Cases of acute pyrethroid
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(in 121 subjects), usually develope
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Deltamethrin was detectable in the
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pyrethroid poisoning. Therefore, th
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Gilliatt, R.W.; Willison, R.G. 1963
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Table 1. Value of imported pesticid
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Study two Twelve farmers participat
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All activities Left hand (73.2) Lef
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Acknowledgment- The three studies r
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Since the creation of Pakistan in 1
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Table 1. Incidents of pesticide poi
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Sandu, S.S.; Waters, M.D.; Simmon,
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and chlordane. Pest resistance to t
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young workers was 15.8%, 6.8%, and
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Storage of pesticides Although the
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Discussion The lowland regions and
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Pulmonary obstructive disease in a
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To investigate the presence and mea
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Age (years) Table 1. Distribution o
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was among paraquat users who smoked
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Levin, P.J.; Klaff, L.J.; Rose, A.G
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the delta. The total population of
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The successive and simultaneous rel
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on clinical studies and laboratory
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This made the collection of blood s
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Table 1. Relation between informati
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analysis, and engaging in various t
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Table 1. Value (million KSH) of pes
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To develop a health-education packa
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Storage site Table 3. Storage of ag
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Table 5. Causes of agrochemical and
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Methods A pilot field survey was un
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Conclusion The practices followed b
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manufactured or formulated locally,
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However, based on individual compla
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Table 4. Acetylcholinesterase activ
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Age did not appear to be an importa
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eactions to the pesticides in occup
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Bowers, M,B.; Goodman, E.; Sim, V.M
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Extent of exposure of farm workers
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Group III consisted of 31 farmers w
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25 - 0 Level of exposure J Group 1,
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Pesticides were stored everywhere c
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Table 2. Concluded. Question Answer
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PART II RELATING PESTICIDE DEVELOPM
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Toxicity Table 1. Requirements and
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Screening Process development Route
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Progress in improving safety Pestic
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type of formulation, and warning pr
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The pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is mo
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Studying the effects of pesticides
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of the risk is a quantitative issue
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egistry could be linked to the lice
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poisoned through mishandling of an
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no documented incident could be fou
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Region Table 3. Use of using pictog
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of fluorinated HDPE because fluorin
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Current initiatives, at the interna
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inding within their jurisdictions.
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Benefits of a hazard auditor From t
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different agencies take to be permi
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industry and of its serving to legi
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Anonymous. 1988a. FAO code of condu
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(Adam 1976; Fraser and Burrill 1979
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in the lower price categories tend
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Anas, N.; Jusoh Mamat, Md.; Heong,
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Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan
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Materials and methods Assessment of
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At the end of each day's operations
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Table 3. Number of garments chafing
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underlines the need to change attit
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Evaluation and management of pestic
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target and react with some crucial
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scientists on a contractual basis,
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pesticides in developing countries
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Regional information resources for
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Table 2. Number of enquiries receiv
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extent of this problem in developin
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Promoting the safe use of pesticide
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pests) is observed. Thus, the "quic
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is one of principal agencies respon
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Pretesting materials in training an
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of costly medical technologies and
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The agricultural sector has by far
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At the community level, the extent
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Neufeld, V. 1989. Community-based m
Page 237 and 238: Outline for learning module using o
Page 239 and 240: WHO (World Health Organization). 19
Page 241 and 242: In the past decade, tremendous effo
Page 243 and 244: Jiang-Su province Results and discu
Page 245 and 246: As a result of deregulation, the nu
Page 247 and 248: Table 3. Proportion of workers usin
Page 249 and 250: Shih, J.H.; Wu, Z.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.;
Page 251 and 252: Pesticides and wildlife: a short gu
Page 253 and 254: Using target-specific products mini
Page 255 and 256: specifications. Other data are asse
Page 257 and 258: Formulation-specific concerns The e
Page 259 and 260: mirex, and chiordecone have been ba
Page 261 and 262: 1984). The base for pesticide granu
Page 263 and 264: e more stringently reviewed. In Can
Page 265 and 266: For example, searching for carcasse
Page 267 and 268: overlooked. In developing countries
Page 269 and 270: Establish monitoring programs to de
Page 271 and 272: Grue, C.E.; Fleming, W.J.; Busby, D
Page 273 and 274: Schafer, E.W., Jr; Brunton, R.B. 19
Page 275 and 276: Table 1. Prevalence and distributio
Page 277 and 278: By 1980, resistance to at least one
Page 279 and 280: tries. Japanese encephalitis has be
Page 281 and 282: to the targeted larvae of mosquitoe
Page 283 and 284: The role of the community Many prob
Page 285 and 286: from locally available sacking mate
Page 287: services. The project also includes
Page 291 and 292: Botanical pesticides: optimizing pe
Page 293 and 294: neurotoxin but a cytotoxin, cross-r
Page 295 and 296: MoDuscicide- and pesticide-developm
Page 297 and 298: A development plan has been identif
Page 299 and 300: and environmental effects must be d
Page 301 and 302: Devitt, B.D.; Philogène, B.J.R.; H
Page 303 and 304: Endod, a potential natural pesticid
Page 305 and 306: University in Ottawa, and in other
Page 307 and 308: in the field (Lugt 1981), 137 500 m
Page 309 and 310: Hutchinson, J.; Dalziel, J.M. 1929.
Page 311 and 312: Community participation, including
Page 313 and 314: Acknowledgment- This research has b
Page 315 and 316: multiplication. The high temperatur
Page 317 and 318: Because pesticides are required in
Page 319 and 320: Africa and now East Africa. The suc
Page 321 and 322: Integrated pest management 1PM may
Page 323 and 324: to risk crop damage. Close involvem
Page 325 and 326: Ramos-Ocampo, V.E.; Magallona, E.D.
Page 327 and 328: esidues on fresh and cooked vegetab
Page 329 and 330: Grassy strip 108 N Farmer's Experim
Page 331 and 332: Table 1. Description and efficiency
Page 333 and 334: Table 3. Cost (PHP) of pest managem
Page 335 and 336: in the field. These pests were the
Page 337 and 338: PART V APPENDICES
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Ravindra Fernando, National Poisons
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Frank White, Pan-American Health Or
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ECHO abdominal ultrasonograph EEG e
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URT upper respiratory tract USAID U
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