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Results from toxicity tests on nontarget organisms are encouraging, but the data relate only to acute contact toxicity. More detailed laboratory work and field trials are required to extend knowledge in this area. Tests for mutagenicity using light petroleum and chloroform extracts have indicated no obvious mutagenic potential of the plant material. In contrast, the methanol fraction caused a slight increase in the number of revertants. A water extract of Ambrosia was shown to contain large amounts of histidine. Jongen and Koeman (1983) have shown that methanol extracts of other plants containing high levels of histidine increase the number of spontaneous revertants obtained in the mutagenicity test. The information available on the toxicology of Ambrosia and related plants has been reviewed with particular reference to allergenic reactions in humans and animals (Duncan 1987). The chrysanthemum, another member of the Cornpositae, is one of the most common causes of allergenic contact dermatitis in florists and horticulturists. Dermatitis as a result of ragweed (a common name for the genus Ambrosia) is a well-known problem in the United States. Some very severe, generalized reactions occurred after the accidental introduction of Parthenium in grain imported to India in the late 1950s. The number of people handling Ambrosia during the project in Egypt has been relatively small, but no allergic reactions have been reported so far. This aspect, however, must investigated thoroughly before large-scale field trials are undertaken. Ambrosia is commonly taken in Egypt as a strong decoction for renal colic and to aid in the expulsion of kidney stones (Sherif and El Sawy 1962). The basis for the apparent success of this remedy is not known. The sesquiterpene lactones, such as ambrosin and damsin, thought to be responsible for the plant's molluscicidal action are not likely to survive the lengthy boiling involved in preparation of this remedy. They were, in any case, shown to have very little pharmacological action in a number of laboratory tests (Abu-Shady and Some 1953). One of the main advantages of a plant molluscicide should be its availability at schistosomiasis-transmission sites, thus avoiding the cost of acquiring and importing commercial products. Any cost saving depends on participation of local communities in the production and application of the plant molluscicide. The feasibility of field delivery systems must be established on a small scale and backed up by detailed toxicologic studies. Currently, data are emerging to support the use of Ambrosia by village communities and the early toxicity studies are promising. The Egyptian study has recently been extended into a nearby area of land reclaimed from the desert, where transmission appears to be more focused. As in the original experimental area, the main aim will be to develop a simple delivery system for the plant based on community participation. Enlisting participation may prove difficult, but the potential savings using this approach are evident. Egypt may, in fact, have a remedy for a long-standing disease problem literally growing in its own backyard. 301
Acknowledgment- This research has been carried out with the financial support of the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. Abu-Shady, H.; Some, T.O. 1953. The chemistry of Ambrosia maritima L. I - The isolation and preliminary characterization of ambrosin and damsin. Journal of American Pharmacology Association, 42,387-395. Duncan, J. 1987. The toxicology of plant molluscicides. In Webbe, C., ed., The toxicology of molluscicides. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK. Pp. 141-162. El Sawy, M.F.; Bassiony, H.K.; Magdoub, A.I. 1981. Biological combat of schistosomiasis: Ambrosia maritima (damsissa) for snail control. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 11,99-117. El Sawy, M.F.; Duncan J.; Amer. S.; Ruweini, H.; Brown, N. 1989. The molluscicidal properties of Ambrosia maritima L. (Compositae): 4 - Temporal and spatial distribution of Biomphalaria alexandrina in Egyptian village irrigation systems with reference to schistosomiasis transmission control. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 40, 103-106. El Sawy, M.F.; Duncan, J.; Amer, S.; Ruweini, H.; Brown, N.; Hills, M. 1987. The mollusciddal properties of Ambrosia maritima L. (Compositae): 3A comparative trial using dry and freshly-harvested plant material. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 38, 101-1 05. El Sawy, M.F.; Duncan, J.; Marshall, T.F. de C.; Bassiouny, H.K.; Shehata, M.A.R. 1983. The molluscicidal properties of Ambrosia maritima L. (Compositae): 1 - Design for a molluscicide field trial. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 34, 11-14. El Sawy, M.F.; Duncan, J.; Marshall, T.F. de C.; Shehata, M.A.R.; Brown, N. 1984. The molluscicidal properties of Ambrosia maritima L. (Compositae): 2 Results from a field trial using dry plant material. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 35, 100-104. Jongen, W.M.F.; Koeman, J.H. 1983. Mutagenicity testing of two tropical plant materials with pesticidal potential in Salmonella typhimurium: Phytolacca dodecandra berries and oil from seeds of Azadirachta indica. Environmental Mutagenesis, 5, 687-694. Sherif, A.T.; El Sawy, M.F. 1962. Molluscicidal action of an Egyptian herb: 1 - Laboratory experimentation. Alexandria Medical Journal, 8, 139-148. 302
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Impact of pesticide use on health i
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IMPACT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HEALTH I
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©International Development Researc
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Contents Acknowledgments viii Forew
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Control of disease vectors: a curre
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Foreword From their first appearanc
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PART! EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE POI
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Although pesticides are used both i
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Table 1. Introduction of pesticides
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problem. The International Developm
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impact of pesticides on Canadian wi
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investigated further. For example,
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Conclusions The subject of this vol
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Jusoh Mamat, M.; Anas, A.N.; Heong,
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Health-risk assessment of pesticide
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especially in the absence of comple
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depends largely on external factors
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Specific situations may require spe
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that the best possible work is done
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doses (chronic poisoning) or delaye
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Table 1. Poisoning incidents in fou
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Pesticide research for public healt
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Current pest control practices in T
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800- 400- 200 - 1980 1981 1982 1983
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designed 30-40 years ago (Jusoh Mam
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and tore easily. One investigation
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education, mass-communication tools
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Increase and improve training activ
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Castaneda, C.P. 1988. Pesticide poi
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Ooi, A.C.P.; Heong, K.L.; Lim, B.K.
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Investigations into acute pyrethroi
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Level of exposure To assess the lev
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Table 2. Cases of acute pyrethroid
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(in 121 subjects), usually develope
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Deltamethrin was detectable in the
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pyrethroid poisoning. Therefore, th
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Gilliatt, R.W.; Willison, R.G. 1963
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Table 1. Value of imported pesticid
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Study two Twelve farmers participat
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All activities Left hand (73.2) Lef
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Acknowledgment- The three studies r
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Since the creation of Pakistan in 1
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Table 1. Incidents of pesticide poi
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Sandu, S.S.; Waters, M.D.; Simmon,
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and chlordane. Pest resistance to t
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young workers was 15.8%, 6.8%, and
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Storage of pesticides Although the
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Discussion The lowland regions and
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Pulmonary obstructive disease in a
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To investigate the presence and mea
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Age (years) Table 1. Distribution o
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was among paraquat users who smoked
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Levin, P.J.; Klaff, L.J.; Rose, A.G
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the delta. The total population of
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The successive and simultaneous rel
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on clinical studies and laboratory
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This made the collection of blood s
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Table 1. Relation between informati
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analysis, and engaging in various t
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Table 1. Value (million KSH) of pes
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To develop a health-education packa
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Storage site Table 3. Storage of ag
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Table 5. Causes of agrochemical and
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Methods A pilot field survey was un
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Conclusion The practices followed b
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manufactured or formulated locally,
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However, based on individual compla
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Table 4. Acetylcholinesterase activ
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Age did not appear to be an importa
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eactions to the pesticides in occup
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Bowers, M,B.; Goodman, E.; Sim, V.M
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Extent of exposure of farm workers
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Group III consisted of 31 farmers w
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25 - 0 Level of exposure J Group 1,
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Pesticides were stored everywhere c
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Table 2. Concluded. Question Answer
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PART II RELATING PESTICIDE DEVELOPM
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Toxicity Table 1. Requirements and
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Screening Process development Route
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Progress in improving safety Pestic
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type of formulation, and warning pr
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The pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is mo
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Studying the effects of pesticides
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of the risk is a quantitative issue
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egistry could be linked to the lice
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poisoned through mishandling of an
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no documented incident could be fou
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Region Table 3. Use of using pictog
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of fluorinated HDPE because fluorin
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Current initiatives, at the interna
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inding within their jurisdictions.
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Benefits of a hazard auditor From t
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different agencies take to be permi
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industry and of its serving to legi
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Anonymous. 1988a. FAO code of condu
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(Adam 1976; Fraser and Burrill 1979
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in the lower price categories tend
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Anas, N.; Jusoh Mamat, Md.; Heong,
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Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan
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Materials and methods Assessment of
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At the end of each day's operations
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Table 3. Number of garments chafing
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underlines the need to change attit
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Evaluation and management of pestic
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target and react with some crucial
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scientists on a contractual basis,
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pesticides in developing countries
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Regional information resources for
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Table 2. Number of enquiries receiv
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extent of this problem in developin
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Promoting the safe use of pesticide
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pests) is observed. Thus, the "quic
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is one of principal agencies respon
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Pretesting materials in training an
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of costly medical technologies and
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The agricultural sector has by far
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At the community level, the extent
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Neufeld, V. 1989. Community-based m
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Outline for learning module using o
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WHO (World Health Organization). 19
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In the past decade, tremendous effo
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Jiang-Su province Results and discu
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As a result of deregulation, the nu
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Table 3. Proportion of workers usin
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Shih, J.H.; Wu, Z.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.;
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Pesticides and wildlife: a short gu
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Using target-specific products mini
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specifications. Other data are asse
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Formulation-specific concerns The e
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mirex, and chiordecone have been ba
Page 261 and 262: 1984). The base for pesticide granu
Page 263 and 264: e more stringently reviewed. In Can
Page 265 and 266: For example, searching for carcasse
Page 267 and 268: overlooked. In developing countries
Page 269 and 270: Establish monitoring programs to de
Page 271 and 272: Grue, C.E.; Fleming, W.J.; Busby, D
Page 273 and 274: Schafer, E.W., Jr; Brunton, R.B. 19
Page 275 and 276: Table 1. Prevalence and distributio
Page 277 and 278: By 1980, resistance to at least one
Page 279 and 280: tries. Japanese encephalitis has be
Page 281 and 282: to the targeted larvae of mosquitoe
Page 283 and 284: The role of the community Many prob
Page 285 and 286: from locally available sacking mate
Page 287 and 288: services. The project also includes
Page 289 and 290: Maxwell, C.A.; Curtis, C.F.; Haji,
Page 291 and 292: Botanical pesticides: optimizing pe
Page 293 and 294: neurotoxin but a cytotoxin, cross-r
Page 295 and 296: MoDuscicide- and pesticide-developm
Page 297 and 298: A development plan has been identif
Page 299 and 300: and environmental effects must be d
Page 301 and 302: Devitt, B.D.; Philogène, B.J.R.; H
Page 303 and 304: Endod, a potential natural pesticid
Page 305 and 306: University in Ottawa, and in other
Page 307 and 308: in the field (Lugt 1981), 137 500 m
Page 309 and 310: Hutchinson, J.; Dalziel, J.M. 1929.
Page 311: Community participation, including
Page 315 and 316: multiplication. The high temperatur
Page 317 and 318: Because pesticides are required in
Page 319 and 320: Africa and now East Africa. The suc
Page 321 and 322: Integrated pest management 1PM may
Page 323 and 324: to risk crop damage. Close involvem
Page 325 and 326: Ramos-Ocampo, V.E.; Magallona, E.D.
Page 327 and 328: esidues on fresh and cooked vegetab
Page 329 and 330: Grassy strip 108 N Farmer's Experim
Page 331 and 332: Table 1. Description and efficiency
Page 333 and 334: Table 3. Cost (PHP) of pest managem
Page 335 and 336: in the field. These pests were the
Page 337 and 338: PART V APPENDICES
Page 339 and 340: Ravindra Fernando, National Poisons
Page 341 and 342: Frank White, Pan-American Health Or
Page 343 and 344: ECHO abdominal ultrasonograph EEG e
Page 345 and 346: URT upper respiratory tract USAID U
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