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Avoid using products that are known to move away from the area of application through vapour drift or runoff. Avoid applying pesticides under conditions that are conducive to droplet drift. If possible, spray at a time that does not coincide with the breeding season for wildlife species. Avoid spraying near nests, dens, or burrows. Follow label instructions scrupulously. Take heed of any special warnings concerning fish or wildlife and abide by specified buffer zones. Avoid the use of granular formulations of acutely toxic insecticides. They cannot be used safely because complete incorporation into the soil is never achieved. If these products must be used and are applied with mechanized equipment, shut off delivery long before the end of crop rows and avoid spillage over bumps, in turn areas, and at loading sites. Cover any visible spills. If applied by hand, try to ensure complete soil incorporation. Protect valuable wildlife areas by staying well away from field edges, woodlots, wetlands (even if temporarily dry), ditches, hedges, fencelines, and rock piles. Do not allow pesticide sprays to drift onto these habitats. Inspect fields carefully. Avoid the repeat use of any product that causes any wildlife mortality. Experience has shown that what is observed is only the "tip of the iceberg." Treat and dispose of empty containers as directed. Where programs are available, recycle containers. Avoid contamination of any body of water, whether permanent or temporary. Never wash spray equipment in lakes, ponds, or rivers. Avoid drawing water directly from these areas. Rather, take water to the spray equipment, keeping chemicals and spray gear well away from the body of water in case of spills. If necessary use backflow devices. If carrying out a vertebrate-poisoning program, ensure that bait placement minimizes exposure to nontarget species. Locate and remove all carcasses to avoid scavenging. Avoid using products of high secondary toxicity if the target species is subject to predation or scavenging. Protect all species of raptors. These often fall prey to farmers who hold the misguided view that they represent a threat to livestock. Yet their benefits to agriculture almost always outweigh their occasional taking of small farm animals. Report any incident of wildlife mortality to competent authorities. Only through such feedback will it be possible to minimize wildlife impacts in the future. 257
Establish monitoring programs to detect wildlife problems. If expertise is not available locally, seek outside help to design field-monitoring programs to suit specific situations. Agriculture Canada; Environment Canada; Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 1987. Environmental chemistry and fate: guidelines for registration of pesticides in Canada. Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. 56 pp. Balcomb, R.; Bowen, C.A., II; Wright, C.A.; Law, M. 1984. Effects on wildlife of at-planting corn applications of granular carbofuran. Journal of Wildlife Management, 48, 1 353-1 359. Blus, L.J.; Henny, C.J.; Kaiser, T.E.; Grove, R.A. 1983. Effects on wildlife from use of endrin in Washington State orchards. In Transcripts of the 48th North American wildlife and natural resources conference. Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, DC, USA. Pp. 159-174. Blus, L.J.; Stanley, C.S.; Henny, C.J.; Pendleton, G.W.; Craig, T.H.; Craig, E.H.; Halford, D.K. 1989. Effects of organophosphorus insecticides on Sage Grouse in southeastern Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management, 53(4), 1 139-1 146. Brewer, L.W.; Driver, C.J.; Kendall, R.J.; Lacher, T.E., Jr; Galindo, J.C.; Dickson, G.W. 1988. Avian response to a turf application of Triumph 4E. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 7(5), 391-401. Bunyan, P.J.; van den Heuvel, M.J.; Stanley, P.1.; Wright, E.N. 1981. An intensive field trial and a multi-site surveillance exercise on the use of aldicarb to investigate methods for the assessment of possible environmental hazards presented by new pesticides. Agro-Ecosystems, 7,239-262. Burgat-Sacaze, V.; Rico, A.G.; Petit, C. 1990. Effets des pesticides sur la reproduction des oiseaux. Annales de 1'Association Nationale de la Protection des Plantes, 2(1/1), 187-204. Busby, D.C.; White, L.M.; Pearce, P.A.; Mineau, P. 1989. Fenitrothion effects on forest songbirds: a critical new look. In Ernst, W.R.; Pearce, P.A.; Pollock, T.L., ed., Environmental effects of fenitrothion use in forestry: impacts on insect pollinators, songbirds and aquatic organisms. Environment Canada, Atlantic Region, Canada. Pp. 43-108. Busby, D.C.; White, L.M.; Pearce, P.A. 1990. Effects of aerial spraying of fenitrothion on breeding White-Throated Sparrows. Journal of Applied Ecology, 27, 743-755. Conservation Foundation. 1989. Pesticides and birds: improving impact assessment. Conservation Foundation, Washington, DC, USA. 68 pp. Coulston, F. 1985. The dilemma of DDT. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 5,329-331. DeWeese, L.R.; McEwen, L.C.; Hensler, G.L.; Petersen, B.E. 1986. Organochlorine contaminants in passeriformes and other avian prey of the Peregrine Falcon in the western United States. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 5, 675- 693. 258
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Impact of pesticide use on health i
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IMPACT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HEALTH I
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©International Development Researc
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Contents Acknowledgments viii Forew
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Control of disease vectors: a curre
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Foreword From their first appearanc
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PART! EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE POI
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Although pesticides are used both i
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Table 1. Introduction of pesticides
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problem. The International Developm
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impact of pesticides on Canadian wi
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investigated further. For example,
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Conclusions The subject of this vol
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Jusoh Mamat, M.; Anas, A.N.; Heong,
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Health-risk assessment of pesticide
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especially in the absence of comple
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depends largely on external factors
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Specific situations may require spe
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that the best possible work is done
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doses (chronic poisoning) or delaye
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Table 1. Poisoning incidents in fou
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Pesticide research for public healt
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Current pest control practices in T
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800- 400- 200 - 1980 1981 1982 1983
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designed 30-40 years ago (Jusoh Mam
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and tore easily. One investigation
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education, mass-communication tools
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Increase and improve training activ
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Castaneda, C.P. 1988. Pesticide poi
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Ooi, A.C.P.; Heong, K.L.; Lim, B.K.
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Investigations into acute pyrethroi
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Level of exposure To assess the lev
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Table 2. Cases of acute pyrethroid
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(in 121 subjects), usually develope
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Deltamethrin was detectable in the
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pyrethroid poisoning. Therefore, th
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Gilliatt, R.W.; Willison, R.G. 1963
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Table 1. Value of imported pesticid
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Study two Twelve farmers participat
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All activities Left hand (73.2) Lef
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Acknowledgment- The three studies r
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Since the creation of Pakistan in 1
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Table 1. Incidents of pesticide poi
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Sandu, S.S.; Waters, M.D.; Simmon,
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and chlordane. Pest resistance to t
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young workers was 15.8%, 6.8%, and
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Storage of pesticides Although the
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Discussion The lowland regions and
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Pulmonary obstructive disease in a
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To investigate the presence and mea
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Age (years) Table 1. Distribution o
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was among paraquat users who smoked
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Levin, P.J.; Klaff, L.J.; Rose, A.G
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the delta. The total population of
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The successive and simultaneous rel
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on clinical studies and laboratory
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This made the collection of blood s
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Table 1. Relation between informati
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analysis, and engaging in various t
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Table 1. Value (million KSH) of pes
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To develop a health-education packa
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Storage site Table 3. Storage of ag
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Table 5. Causes of agrochemical and
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Methods A pilot field survey was un
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Conclusion The practices followed b
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manufactured or formulated locally,
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However, based on individual compla
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Table 4. Acetylcholinesterase activ
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Age did not appear to be an importa
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eactions to the pesticides in occup
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Bowers, M,B.; Goodman, E.; Sim, V.M
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Extent of exposure of farm workers
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Group III consisted of 31 farmers w
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25 - 0 Level of exposure J Group 1,
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Pesticides were stored everywhere c
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Table 2. Concluded. Question Answer
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PART II RELATING PESTICIDE DEVELOPM
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Toxicity Table 1. Requirements and
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Screening Process development Route
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Progress in improving safety Pestic
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type of formulation, and warning pr
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The pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is mo
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Studying the effects of pesticides
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of the risk is a quantitative issue
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egistry could be linked to the lice
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poisoned through mishandling of an
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no documented incident could be fou
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Region Table 3. Use of using pictog
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of fluorinated HDPE because fluorin
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Current initiatives, at the interna
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inding within their jurisdictions.
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Benefits of a hazard auditor From t
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different agencies take to be permi
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industry and of its serving to legi
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Anonymous. 1988a. FAO code of condu
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(Adam 1976; Fraser and Burrill 1979
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in the lower price categories tend
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Anas, N.; Jusoh Mamat, Md.; Heong,
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Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan
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Materials and methods Assessment of
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At the end of each day's operations
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Table 3. Number of garments chafing
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underlines the need to change attit
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Evaluation and management of pestic
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target and react with some crucial
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scientists on a contractual basis,
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pesticides in developing countries
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Regional information resources for
Page 217 and 218: Table 2. Number of enquiries receiv
Page 219 and 220: extent of this problem in developin
Page 221 and 222: Promoting the safe use of pesticide
Page 223 and 224: pests) is observed. Thus, the "quic
Page 225 and 226: is one of principal agencies respon
Page 227 and 228: Pretesting materials in training an
Page 229 and 230: of costly medical technologies and
Page 231 and 232: The agricultural sector has by far
Page 233 and 234: At the community level, the extent
Page 235 and 236: Neufeld, V. 1989. Community-based m
Page 237 and 238: Outline for learning module using o
Page 239 and 240: WHO (World Health Organization). 19
Page 241 and 242: In the past decade, tremendous effo
Page 243 and 244: Jiang-Su province Results and discu
Page 245 and 246: As a result of deregulation, the nu
Page 247 and 248: Table 3. Proportion of workers usin
Page 249 and 250: Shih, J.H.; Wu, Z.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.;
Page 251 and 252: Pesticides and wildlife: a short gu
Page 253 and 254: Using target-specific products mini
Page 255 and 256: specifications. Other data are asse
Page 257 and 258: Formulation-specific concerns The e
Page 259 and 260: mirex, and chiordecone have been ba
Page 261 and 262: 1984). The base for pesticide granu
Page 263 and 264: e more stringently reviewed. In Can
Page 265 and 266: For example, searching for carcasse
Page 267: overlooked. In developing countries
Page 271 and 272: Grue, C.E.; Fleming, W.J.; Busby, D
Page 273 and 274: Schafer, E.W., Jr; Brunton, R.B. 19
Page 275 and 276: Table 1. Prevalence and distributio
Page 277 and 278: By 1980, resistance to at least one
Page 279 and 280: tries. Japanese encephalitis has be
Page 281 and 282: to the targeted larvae of mosquitoe
Page 283 and 284: The role of the community Many prob
Page 285 and 286: from locally available sacking mate
Page 287 and 288: services. The project also includes
Page 289 and 290: Maxwell, C.A.; Curtis, C.F.; Haji,
Page 291 and 292: Botanical pesticides: optimizing pe
Page 293 and 294: neurotoxin but a cytotoxin, cross-r
Page 295 and 296: MoDuscicide- and pesticide-developm
Page 297 and 298: A development plan has been identif
Page 299 and 300: and environmental effects must be d
Page 301 and 302: Devitt, B.D.; Philogène, B.J.R.; H
Page 303 and 304: Endod, a potential natural pesticid
Page 305 and 306: University in Ottawa, and in other
Page 307 and 308: in the field (Lugt 1981), 137 500 m
Page 309 and 310: Hutchinson, J.; Dalziel, J.M. 1929.
Page 311 and 312: Community participation, including
Page 313 and 314: Acknowledgment- This research has b
Page 315 and 316: multiplication. The high temperatur
Page 317 and 318: Because pesticides are required in
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Africa and now East Africa. The suc
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Integrated pest management 1PM may
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to risk crop damage. Close involvem
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Ramos-Ocampo, V.E.; Magallona, E.D.
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esidues on fresh and cooked vegetab
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Grassy strip 108 N Farmer's Experim
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Table 1. Description and efficiency
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Table 3. Cost (PHP) of pest managem
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in the field. These pests were the
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PART V APPENDICES
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Ravindra Fernando, National Poisons
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Frank White, Pan-American Health Or
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ECHO abdominal ultrasonograph EEG e
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URT upper respiratory tract USAID U
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