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findings may imply an increased risk of intoxication as a result of consecutive
exposures to pyrethroids, and might well explain why the convulsive attacks
in severe acute pyrethroid-poisoning cases can persist for I week (He et al.
1989).
Higher risk of acute pyrethroid poisoning is related to the unsatisfactory
knowledge, attitudes, and practices among farmers. These include ignorance
of pyrethroid toxicity; spraying pyrethroids in high concentrations; cleaning
equipment with mouth and hands; leakage of sprayers; lack of personal
protection; and unsafe spraying habits. This study confirmed these to be
causal factors in identified cases of intoxication.
Recommendations
An educational strategy for the safe use of pesticides in rural areas is advocated.
Spray operators, local agricultural technicians, village-health personnel,
and those involved in transportation, storage, and distribution of
pesticides should be taught the risks involved in the handling of toxic pesticides,
the toxicity and adverse effects of pyrethroids, preventive measures, and
the importance of personal hygiene. Pamphlets, videocasts, films, and training
courses are suggested because these are feasible and useful approaches to
implement in the rural areas.
To avoid pyrethroid contamination of sprayer's hands, spraying equipment
should be improved to prevent leakage. Packaging pyrethroids in disposable
1O-mL plastic eye-drop bottles is also suggested.
Because the heaviest dermal exposure occurs on legs and polyester trousers
offer 66-88% protection against pyrethroids, it is advisable for spray operators
to wear a long plastic apron in addition to their polyester trousers during
spraying in the fields.
Regulations concerning safe production, transportation, storage, distribution,
and use of pyrethroids and other pesticides should be established. Moreover,
multisectoral efforts should be devoted to the implementation of these regulations.
Occupational health in rural areas should be integrated into primary health
care to improve occupational health services for agricultural workers by
prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of acute pyrethroid poisoning.
Acknowledgment This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from
the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada.
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