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Table 2. Results of the survey on knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs. Question Answers Age of participants (years) 33 37.5% Sex Male 100% Type of farm work Mixed 100% Average duration of work in the field, with emphasis on spraying 5 h Proportion of smokers 41% Proportion helped by other family members 100% Age group and sex of family members 33 years 10.7% Males 50.7% Females 49.3% Source of information about pesticides Government extension agents 42% (some respondents indicated mixed sources) Pesticide sales outlets 25% Other farmer 13% Experience 88% Awareness about pesticide toxicity Positive 33% Negative 67% Training in the proper use of pesticides Yes 8% No 92% Harvesting produce after spraying Same day 46% Next day 46% Few days later 8% Reentry into the field after spraying On same day 96% 1 day later 4% 2-7 days later 0% After 7 days 0% Are pesticides dangerous to your health? Yes 50% No 4% Do not know 46% Should farmers wear protective apparel? Yes 88% No 0% Do not know 12% 138 Continued
Table 2. Concluded. Question Answers Do you wear protective clothing? Yes 4% No 96% Do you believe you are immune against Yes 12% pesticides? No 21% Do not know 67% Do you change or wash your clothes after Yes 88% spraying? No 12% Do you shower or bathe after spraying? Yes 25% No 75% Do you smoke while spraying? Yes 46% No 54% Do you eat while spraying? Yes 63% No 37% Have you ever spilt pesticides on your body? Yes 92% No 8% How do you dispose of empty containers? Throw in the field 63% Bury 33% Sell for recycling or other uses 4% Do you have any unusual symptoms after Yes 33% spraying? No 67% Adequate information about pest and crop management is unavailable to farmers; Spraying is done casually without proper planning or safety precautions; There is no regard for reentry periods or length of time between spraying and harvest; There is little awareness of the long-term effects of pesticides on farmers or their families as evidenced by young children participating in spraying and the casual way in which pesticides are handled; and Government agencies, the media, and chemical companies advise farmers to spray prophylactically. In conclusion, we believe that a training program for farmers and others in the safe handling of pesticides coupled with pest management is urgently needed. Such a program, if run efficiently, will benefit a wide sector of society and reduce health hazards associated with exposure to pesticides. 139
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Impact of pesticide use on health i
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IMPACT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HEALTH I
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©International Development Researc
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Contents Acknowledgments viii Forew
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Control of disease vectors: a curre
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Foreword From their first appearanc
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PART! EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE POI
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Although pesticides are used both i
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Table 1. Introduction of pesticides
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problem. The International Developm
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impact of pesticides on Canadian wi
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investigated further. For example,
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Conclusions The subject of this vol
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Jusoh Mamat, M.; Anas, A.N.; Heong,
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Health-risk assessment of pesticide
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especially in the absence of comple
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depends largely on external factors
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Specific situations may require spe
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that the best possible work is done
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doses (chronic poisoning) or delaye
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Table 1. Poisoning incidents in fou
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Pesticide research for public healt
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Current pest control practices in T
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800- 400- 200 - 1980 1981 1982 1983
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designed 30-40 years ago (Jusoh Mam
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and tore easily. One investigation
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education, mass-communication tools
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Increase and improve training activ
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Castaneda, C.P. 1988. Pesticide poi
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Ooi, A.C.P.; Heong, K.L.; Lim, B.K.
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Investigations into acute pyrethroi
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Level of exposure To assess the lev
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Table 2. Cases of acute pyrethroid
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(in 121 subjects), usually develope
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Deltamethrin was detectable in the
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pyrethroid poisoning. Therefore, th
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Gilliatt, R.W.; Willison, R.G. 1963
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Table 1. Value of imported pesticid
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Study two Twelve farmers participat
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All activities Left hand (73.2) Lef
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Acknowledgment- The three studies r
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Since the creation of Pakistan in 1
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Table 1. Incidents of pesticide poi
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Sandu, S.S.; Waters, M.D.; Simmon,
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and chlordane. Pest resistance to t
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young workers was 15.8%, 6.8%, and
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Storage of pesticides Although the
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Discussion The lowland regions and
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Pulmonary obstructive disease in a
Page 99 and 100: To investigate the presence and mea
Page 101 and 102: Age (years) Table 1. Distribution o
Page 103 and 104: was among paraquat users who smoked
Page 105 and 106: Levin, P.J.; Klaff, L.J.; Rose, A.G
Page 107 and 108: the delta. The total population of
Page 109 and 110: The successive and simultaneous rel
Page 111 and 112: on clinical studies and laboratory
Page 113 and 114: This made the collection of blood s
Page 115 and 116: Table 1. Relation between informati
Page 117 and 118: analysis, and engaging in various t
Page 119 and 120: Table 1. Value (million KSH) of pes
Page 121 and 122: To develop a health-education packa
Page 123 and 124: Storage site Table 3. Storage of ag
Page 125 and 126: Table 5. Causes of agrochemical and
Page 127 and 128: Methods A pilot field survey was un
Page 129 and 130: Conclusion The practices followed b
Page 131 and 132: manufactured or formulated locally,
Page 133 and 134: However, based on individual compla
Page 135 and 136: Table 4. Acetylcholinesterase activ
Page 137 and 138: Age did not appear to be an importa
Page 139 and 140: eactions to the pesticides in occup
Page 141 and 142: Bowers, M,B.; Goodman, E.; Sim, V.M
Page 143 and 144: Extent of exposure of farm workers
Page 145 and 146: Group III consisted of 31 farmers w
Page 147 and 148: 25 - 0 Level of exposure J Group 1,
Page 149: Pesticides were stored everywhere c
Page 153 and 154: PART II RELATING PESTICIDE DEVELOPM
Page 155 and 156: Toxicity Table 1. Requirements and
Page 157 and 158: Screening Process development Route
Page 159 and 160: Progress in improving safety Pestic
Page 161 and 162: type of formulation, and warning pr
Page 163 and 164: The pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is mo
Page 165 and 166: Studying the effects of pesticides
Page 167 and 168: of the risk is a quantitative issue
Page 169 and 170: egistry could be linked to the lice
Page 171 and 172: poisoned through mishandling of an
Page 173 and 174: no documented incident could be fou
Page 175 and 176: Region Table 3. Use of using pictog
Page 177 and 178: of fluorinated HDPE because fluorin
Page 179 and 180: Current initiatives, at the interna
Page 181 and 182: inding within their jurisdictions.
Page 183 and 184: Benefits of a hazard auditor From t
Page 185 and 186: different agencies take to be permi
Page 187 and 188: industry and of its serving to legi
Page 189 and 190: Anonymous. 1988a. FAO code of condu
Page 191 and 192: (Adam 1976; Fraser and Burrill 1979
Page 193 and 194: in the lower price categories tend
Page 195 and 196: Anas, N.; Jusoh Mamat, Md.; Heong,
Page 197 and 198: Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan
Page 199 and 200: Materials and methods Assessment of
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At the end of each day's operations
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Table 3. Number of garments chafing
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underlines the need to change attit
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Evaluation and management of pestic
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target and react with some crucial
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scientists on a contractual basis,
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pesticides in developing countries
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Regional information resources for
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Table 2. Number of enquiries receiv
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extent of this problem in developin
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Promoting the safe use of pesticide
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pests) is observed. Thus, the "quic
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is one of principal agencies respon
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Pretesting materials in training an
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of costly medical technologies and
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The agricultural sector has by far
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At the community level, the extent
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Neufeld, V. 1989. Community-based m
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Outline for learning module using o
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WHO (World Health Organization). 19
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In the past decade, tremendous effo
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Jiang-Su province Results and discu
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As a result of deregulation, the nu
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Table 3. Proportion of workers usin
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Shih, J.H.; Wu, Z.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.;
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Pesticides and wildlife: a short gu
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Using target-specific products mini
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specifications. Other data are asse
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Formulation-specific concerns The e
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mirex, and chiordecone have been ba
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1984). The base for pesticide granu
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e more stringently reviewed. In Can
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For example, searching for carcasse
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overlooked. In developing countries
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Establish monitoring programs to de
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Grue, C.E.; Fleming, W.J.; Busby, D
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Schafer, E.W., Jr; Brunton, R.B. 19
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Table 1. Prevalence and distributio
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By 1980, resistance to at least one
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tries. Japanese encephalitis has be
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to the targeted larvae of mosquitoe
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The role of the community Many prob
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from locally available sacking mate
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services. The project also includes
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Maxwell, C.A.; Curtis, C.F.; Haji,
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Botanical pesticides: optimizing pe
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neurotoxin but a cytotoxin, cross-r
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MoDuscicide- and pesticide-developm
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A development plan has been identif
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and environmental effects must be d
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Devitt, B.D.; Philogène, B.J.R.; H
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Endod, a potential natural pesticid
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University in Ottawa, and in other
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in the field (Lugt 1981), 137 500 m
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Hutchinson, J.; Dalziel, J.M. 1929.
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Community participation, including
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Acknowledgment- This research has b
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multiplication. The high temperatur
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Because pesticides are required in
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Africa and now East Africa. The suc
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Integrated pest management 1PM may
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to risk crop damage. Close involvem
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Ramos-Ocampo, V.E.; Magallona, E.D.
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esidues on fresh and cooked vegetab
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Grassy strip 108 N Farmer's Experim
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Table 1. Description and efficiency
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Table 3. Cost (PHP) of pest managem
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in the field. These pests were the
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PART V APPENDICES
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Ravindra Fernando, National Poisons
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Frank White, Pan-American Health Or
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ECHO abdominal ultrasonograph EEG e
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URT upper respiratory tract USAID U
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