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Increase collaboration with FAO and other United Nations agencies Several respondents wrote that, as the hazard auditor aims at improving compliance with accepted standards, particularly those embodied in the FAO Code of Conduct, a closer relation with FAO should be sought. Some questioned the need for an independent audit organization. I investigated the possibility of an association with FAO and other United Nations (UN) agencies. Senior FAO officials recognized the value of the auditor, particularly as a possible means to improve compliance with the Code should it become a convention made binding under national law. However, two difficulties were mentioned. FAO, the officials declared, would not accept the financial link with industry that the proposal envisages. The other problem involves openness in reporting, which is crucial to the functioning of the audit mechanism. Because FAO is responsible to its member governments, problems might arise if it were to publish reports that were critical of national administrations. Similar concerns were voiced by officials of UNEP and WHO. These constraints might be loosened if there were widespread support for the innovation at the highest levels. However, the independence required of an external auditor would be more readily assured within an organization that is itself independent of the major actors. Conclusions The hazard auditor concept holds promise for improving the regulation of pesticide hazards in developing countries by creating a new market-based mechanism complementary to, and supportive of, national structures and international programs. It has already attracted widespread, if still provisional, support, but further progress toward implementing the concept will require collaboration among parties grown accustomed to confrontation. The proposal does not assume an congruency of interests among these parties, only that each side believe its interests are served by independent evaluation. Individual actors may conclude that the risks attendant on creating and operating this novel mechanism outweigh its benefits. It is not possible to predict the outcome of what will be a long process of negotiation. The prudent option, for all concerned, is to judge at each step whether the hazard auditor as it is emerging represents an improvement on what currently exists. Anderson, R.J. 1984. The external audit (2nd ed.). Copp Clark Pitman, Toronto, ON, Canada. 176
Anonymous. 1988a. FAO code of conduct 17 important messages. In Product quality manual (Appendix 3). Agriculture Division, Ciba-Geigy Ltd, Basel, Switzerland. 1988b. Product quality concept. Agricultural Division, Ciba-Geigy Ltd. Basel, Switzerland. 1990b. White paper proposals. Pesticides News, 8, 7-9. 1990a. London guidelines "prior informed consent." International Register for Potentially Toxic Chemicals Bulletin, 10(1), 4-6. Brader, L. 1990. Integrated pest management: successes and constraints. Paper presented at the FAO/UNEP workshop on integrated pest management, 12-15 June 1990, Kishniev, Moldavia, USSR. 8 pp. ELC (Environment Liaison Centre). 1987. Monitoring and reporting the implementation of the international code of conduct on the use and distribution of pesticides (the FAO Code). ELC, Nairobi, Kenya. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1986. International code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides. FAO, Rome, Italy. 31 pp. 1989. International code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides: analysis of responses to the questionnaire by governments. FAO, Rome, Italy. AGP: GC/89/BP.1. GIFAP (Groupement international des associations nationales de fabricants de produits agrochimiques). n.d. The role of GIFAP. GIFAP, Brussels, Belgium. Jeyaratnam, J. 1985. Acute pesticide poisoning: a Third World problem. World Health Forum, 6,39. Loevinsohn, M. 1989. The hazard auditor and improved pesticide regulation in the Third World. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. Consultant's report, 10 pp. Loevinsohn, M. 1990. Evaluation of responses to the pesticide hazard auditor proposal. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. Consultant's report, 9 pp. Pallemaerts, M. 1988. Developments in international pesticide regulation. Environmental Policy and Law, 18, 62-68. Palmisano, J. 1989. Environmental auditing: past, present and future. Environmental Auditor, 1,7-20. Pesticides Trust. 1989. The FAO code: missing ingredients. Pesticides Trust, London, UK. Repetto, R. 1985. Paying the price: pesticide subsidies in developing countries. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC, USA. 18 pp. Willis, G.A. 1986. Pesticide residue problems in developing countries in Asia: some contributions of industry. Paper presented at the 2nd session of the working group on pesticide residue problems in Asia, 2-5 April 1986, Chiang Mai, Thailand. 177
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Impact of pesticide use on health i
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IMPACT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HEALTH I
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©International Development Researc
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Contents Acknowledgments viii Forew
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Control of disease vectors: a curre
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Foreword From their first appearanc
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PART! EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE POI
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Although pesticides are used both i
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Table 1. Introduction of pesticides
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problem. The International Developm
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impact of pesticides on Canadian wi
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investigated further. For example,
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Conclusions The subject of this vol
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Jusoh Mamat, M.; Anas, A.N.; Heong,
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Health-risk assessment of pesticide
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especially in the absence of comple
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depends largely on external factors
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Specific situations may require spe
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that the best possible work is done
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doses (chronic poisoning) or delaye
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Table 1. Poisoning incidents in fou
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Pesticide research for public healt
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Current pest control practices in T
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800- 400- 200 - 1980 1981 1982 1983
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designed 30-40 years ago (Jusoh Mam
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and tore easily. One investigation
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education, mass-communication tools
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Increase and improve training activ
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Castaneda, C.P. 1988. Pesticide poi
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Ooi, A.C.P.; Heong, K.L.; Lim, B.K.
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Investigations into acute pyrethroi
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Level of exposure To assess the lev
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Table 2. Cases of acute pyrethroid
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(in 121 subjects), usually develope
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Deltamethrin was detectable in the
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pyrethroid poisoning. Therefore, th
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Gilliatt, R.W.; Willison, R.G. 1963
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Table 1. Value of imported pesticid
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Study two Twelve farmers participat
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All activities Left hand (73.2) Lef
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Acknowledgment- The three studies r
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Since the creation of Pakistan in 1
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Table 1. Incidents of pesticide poi
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Sandu, S.S.; Waters, M.D.; Simmon,
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and chlordane. Pest resistance to t
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young workers was 15.8%, 6.8%, and
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Storage of pesticides Although the
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Discussion The lowland regions and
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Pulmonary obstructive disease in a
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To investigate the presence and mea
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Age (years) Table 1. Distribution o
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was among paraquat users who smoked
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Levin, P.J.; Klaff, L.J.; Rose, A.G
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the delta. The total population of
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The successive and simultaneous rel
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on clinical studies and laboratory
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This made the collection of blood s
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Table 1. Relation between informati
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analysis, and engaging in various t
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Table 1. Value (million KSH) of pes
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To develop a health-education packa
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Storage site Table 3. Storage of ag
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Table 5. Causes of agrochemical and
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Methods A pilot field survey was un
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Conclusion The practices followed b
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manufactured or formulated locally,
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However, based on individual compla
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Table 4. Acetylcholinesterase activ
Page 137 and 138: Age did not appear to be an importa
Page 139 and 140: eactions to the pesticides in occup
Page 141 and 142: Bowers, M,B.; Goodman, E.; Sim, V.M
Page 143 and 144: Extent of exposure of farm workers
Page 145 and 146: Group III consisted of 31 farmers w
Page 147 and 148: 25 - 0 Level of exposure J Group 1,
Page 149 and 150: Pesticides were stored everywhere c
Page 151 and 152: Table 2. Concluded. Question Answer
Page 153 and 154: PART II RELATING PESTICIDE DEVELOPM
Page 155 and 156: Toxicity Table 1. Requirements and
Page 157 and 158: Screening Process development Route
Page 159 and 160: Progress in improving safety Pestic
Page 161 and 162: type of formulation, and warning pr
Page 163 and 164: The pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is mo
Page 165 and 166: Studying the effects of pesticides
Page 167 and 168: of the risk is a quantitative issue
Page 169 and 170: egistry could be linked to the lice
Page 171 and 172: poisoned through mishandling of an
Page 173 and 174: no documented incident could be fou
Page 175 and 176: Region Table 3. Use of using pictog
Page 177 and 178: of fluorinated HDPE because fluorin
Page 179 and 180: Current initiatives, at the interna
Page 181 and 182: inding within their jurisdictions.
Page 183 and 184: Benefits of a hazard auditor From t
Page 185 and 186: different agencies take to be permi
Page 187: industry and of its serving to legi
Page 191 and 192: (Adam 1976; Fraser and Burrill 1979
Page 193 and 194: in the lower price categories tend
Page 195 and 196: Anas, N.; Jusoh Mamat, Md.; Heong,
Page 197 and 198: Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan
Page 199 and 200: Materials and methods Assessment of
Page 201 and 202: At the end of each day's operations
Page 203 and 204: Table 3. Number of garments chafing
Page 205 and 206: underlines the need to change attit
Page 207 and 208: Evaluation and management of pestic
Page 209 and 210: target and react with some crucial
Page 211 and 212: scientists on a contractual basis,
Page 213 and 214: pesticides in developing countries
Page 215 and 216: Regional information resources for
Page 217 and 218: Table 2. Number of enquiries receiv
Page 219 and 220: extent of this problem in developin
Page 221 and 222: Promoting the safe use of pesticide
Page 223 and 224: pests) is observed. Thus, the "quic
Page 225 and 226: is one of principal agencies respon
Page 227 and 228: Pretesting materials in training an
Page 229 and 230: of costly medical technologies and
Page 231 and 232: The agricultural sector has by far
Page 233 and 234: At the community level, the extent
Page 235 and 236: Neufeld, V. 1989. Community-based m
Page 237 and 238: Outline for learning module using o
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WHO (World Health Organization). 19
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In the past decade, tremendous effo
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Jiang-Su province Results and discu
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As a result of deregulation, the nu
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Table 3. Proportion of workers usin
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Shih, J.H.; Wu, Z.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.;
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Pesticides and wildlife: a short gu
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Using target-specific products mini
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specifications. Other data are asse
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Formulation-specific concerns The e
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mirex, and chiordecone have been ba
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1984). The base for pesticide granu
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e more stringently reviewed. In Can
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For example, searching for carcasse
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overlooked. In developing countries
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Establish monitoring programs to de
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Grue, C.E.; Fleming, W.J.; Busby, D
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Schafer, E.W., Jr; Brunton, R.B. 19
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Table 1. Prevalence and distributio
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By 1980, resistance to at least one
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tries. Japanese encephalitis has be
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to the targeted larvae of mosquitoe
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The role of the community Many prob
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from locally available sacking mate
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services. The project also includes
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Maxwell, C.A.; Curtis, C.F.; Haji,
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Botanical pesticides: optimizing pe
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neurotoxin but a cytotoxin, cross-r
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MoDuscicide- and pesticide-developm
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A development plan has been identif
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and environmental effects must be d
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Devitt, B.D.; Philogène, B.J.R.; H
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Endod, a potential natural pesticid
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University in Ottawa, and in other
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in the field (Lugt 1981), 137 500 m
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Hutchinson, J.; Dalziel, J.M. 1929.
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Community participation, including
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Acknowledgment- This research has b
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multiplication. The high temperatur
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Because pesticides are required in
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Africa and now East Africa. The suc
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Integrated pest management 1PM may
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to risk crop damage. Close involvem
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Ramos-Ocampo, V.E.; Magallona, E.D.
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esidues on fresh and cooked vegetab
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Grassy strip 108 N Farmer's Experim
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Table 1. Description and efficiency
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Table 3. Cost (PHP) of pest managem
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in the field. These pests were the
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PART V APPENDICES
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Ravindra Fernando, National Poisons
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Frank White, Pan-American Health Or
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ECHO abdominal ultrasonograph EEG e
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URT upper respiratory tract USAID U
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