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Switzerland, and the USA. Using extracts from this procedure, toxicologic tests at the tier I level (OECD) of the premarketing guidelines have been completed. According to results to date, endod is no more toxic than bayluscid (Lambert et al. 1991). On the basis of this, IDRC is supporting comprehensive community-based field trials on endod's effect on schistosomiasis transmission in Zimbabwe. In addition, scientists from 10 African countries and Brazil have now formally established an endod technical cooperation among developing countries (TCDC) network through which they plan to coordinate their work and collaborate further with other international experts in Canada, the USA, and various European countries. The African partners in the network are Ethiopia, the Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Sudan, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. A third international workshop on endod was held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in October 1990. The results of the tier I toxicology studies were reviewed and research needs, strategies, and model protocols were determined for facilitating community-based trials, including local agrobotanical studies, ecotoxicologic studies, and integrated schistosomiasis intervention studies. Reports from field studies in Ethiopia, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe were also presented at the meeting. Conclusion All three types of endod can be successfully cultivated, but type 44 has superior agronomic and molluscicidal characteristics. Endod berries may be produced on a large scale with sustained yield and potency, eliminating a major barrier for plant molluscicide development. The results of this study may facilitate the selection of the most suitable endod types for schistosomiasis control in at least three other African countries where endod cultivation and adaptation trials are being carried out (Adams 1986). This study also clearly indicates that emphasis should be placed on promotion of the multiple uses of endod-derived products. Adams, R.P. 1986. Report of the working group on agrobotany and extraction. In Makhubu, L.; Lemma, A.; Heyneman, D., ed., Report of the 2nd international workshop on endod. Council on International and Public Affairs, New York, NY, USA. Pp. 36-42. Dalziel, J.M. 1936. The useful plants of west tropical Africa. Crown Agents, London, UK. Humbert, H. 1971. Flora de Madagascar et des Comores. Musée national d'histoire naturelle, Laboratoire de phanerogamie, Paris, France. 297
Hutchinson, J.; Dalziel, J.M. 1929. Phytolaccaceae: flora of west tropical Africa (vol. 1, part 1). Crown Agents, London, UK. Kloos, H.; McCullough, F.S. 1987, Plants with recognized molluscicidal activity. In Mott, K.E., ed., Plant molluscicides. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, Sussex, UK. Pp. 45-108 Kloos, H.; Waithaka Thiongo, E; Ouma, J.H.; Butterworth, A.E. 1987. Preliminary evaluation of some wild and cultivated plants for snail control in Machaka District, Kenya. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 90, 197-204. Lambert, J.D.H.; Legesse Wolde-Yohannes; Makhubu, L.P. 1985. Endod: potential for controlling schistosomiasis. Bioscience, 35, 364-366. Lambert, J.D.H.; Temmink, J.H.M.; Marquis, J.; Parkhurst, R.M.; Lugt, C.; Holtze, K.; Warner, J.E.; Schoonen, A.J.M.; Dixon, G.; Legesse Wolde-Yohannes; de Savigny, D. 1991. Endod: safety evaluation of a plant molluscicide. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 14, 189-201. Legesse Wolde-Yohannes. 1983. Past and ongoing agrobotanical studies of ended (Phytolacca dodecandra) in Ethiopia. In Lemma, A.; Heyneman, D.; Silangwa, S., ed., Endod (Phytolacca dodecandra): report of the international scientific workshop, Lusaka. Tycooli International Publishing, Dublin, Ireland. Pp. 125-129. Legesse Wolde-Yohannes; Demekc, 1.; Lambert, J.D.H. 1986. Cultivation studies of endod (Phytolacca dodecandra) and its implication in schistosomiasis control. Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Publication 3. LegesseWolde-Yohannos; Kloos, H. 1990. Agronomic and molluscicidal studies of three types of endod (Phytolacca dodecandra). In press. Lemma, A.; Heyneman, D.; Kloos, H., ed. 1979. Studies on the molluscicidal and other properties of the endod plant (Phytolacca dodecandra). University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. Lugt, C.B. 1981. Phytolacca dodecandra berries as means of controlling bilharzia transmitting snails. Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Makhubu, L.; Lemma, A.; Heyneman, D., ed. 1986. Report of the second international workshop on endod. Council of International and Public Affairs, New York, NY, USA. Parkhurst, R.M.; Thomas, D.W.; Skinner, W.A.; Gray, L.W. 1974. Molluscicidal saponins of Phytolacca dodecandra. Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 52, 702-705. Thiseltch-Dryer, W.T. 1973. Flora of tropical Africa (vol. VI). Reeve, Ashford, Kent, UK. Section 1, p. 97. UNFSSTD/IDRC (United Nations Financing System for Science and Technology for Development and International Development Research Centre). 1986. Endod toxicology: report of the Expert Group meeting. UNFSSTD, New York, NY, USA. 37pp Watt, J.M.; Breyer Brandwik, MG. 1962. The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa. Livingston, Edinburgh, UK. 298
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Impact of pesticide use on health i
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IMPACT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HEALTH I
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©International Development Researc
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Contents Acknowledgments viii Forew
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Control of disease vectors: a curre
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Foreword From their first appearanc
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PART! EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE POI
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Although pesticides are used both i
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Table 1. Introduction of pesticides
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problem. The International Developm
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impact of pesticides on Canadian wi
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investigated further. For example,
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Conclusions The subject of this vol
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Jusoh Mamat, M.; Anas, A.N.; Heong,
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Health-risk assessment of pesticide
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especially in the absence of comple
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depends largely on external factors
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Specific situations may require spe
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that the best possible work is done
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doses (chronic poisoning) or delaye
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Table 1. Poisoning incidents in fou
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Pesticide research for public healt
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Current pest control practices in T
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800- 400- 200 - 1980 1981 1982 1983
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designed 30-40 years ago (Jusoh Mam
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and tore easily. One investigation
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education, mass-communication tools
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Increase and improve training activ
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Castaneda, C.P. 1988. Pesticide poi
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Ooi, A.C.P.; Heong, K.L.; Lim, B.K.
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Investigations into acute pyrethroi
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Level of exposure To assess the lev
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Table 2. Cases of acute pyrethroid
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(in 121 subjects), usually develope
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Deltamethrin was detectable in the
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pyrethroid poisoning. Therefore, th
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Gilliatt, R.W.; Willison, R.G. 1963
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Table 1. Value of imported pesticid
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Study two Twelve farmers participat
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All activities Left hand (73.2) Lef
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Acknowledgment- The three studies r
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Since the creation of Pakistan in 1
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Table 1. Incidents of pesticide poi
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Sandu, S.S.; Waters, M.D.; Simmon,
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and chlordane. Pest resistance to t
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young workers was 15.8%, 6.8%, and
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Storage of pesticides Although the
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Discussion The lowland regions and
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Pulmonary obstructive disease in a
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To investigate the presence and mea
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Age (years) Table 1. Distribution o
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was among paraquat users who smoked
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Levin, P.J.; Klaff, L.J.; Rose, A.G
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the delta. The total population of
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The successive and simultaneous rel
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on clinical studies and laboratory
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This made the collection of blood s
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Table 1. Relation between informati
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analysis, and engaging in various t
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Table 1. Value (million KSH) of pes
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To develop a health-education packa
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Storage site Table 3. Storage of ag
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Table 5. Causes of agrochemical and
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Methods A pilot field survey was un
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Conclusion The practices followed b
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manufactured or formulated locally,
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However, based on individual compla
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Table 4. Acetylcholinesterase activ
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Age did not appear to be an importa
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eactions to the pesticides in occup
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Bowers, M,B.; Goodman, E.; Sim, V.M
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Extent of exposure of farm workers
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Group III consisted of 31 farmers w
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25 - 0 Level of exposure J Group 1,
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Pesticides were stored everywhere c
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Table 2. Concluded. Question Answer
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PART II RELATING PESTICIDE DEVELOPM
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Toxicity Table 1. Requirements and
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Screening Process development Route
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Progress in improving safety Pestic
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type of formulation, and warning pr
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The pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is mo
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Studying the effects of pesticides
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of the risk is a quantitative issue
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egistry could be linked to the lice
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poisoned through mishandling of an
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no documented incident could be fou
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Region Table 3. Use of using pictog
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of fluorinated HDPE because fluorin
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Current initiatives, at the interna
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inding within their jurisdictions.
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Benefits of a hazard auditor From t
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different agencies take to be permi
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industry and of its serving to legi
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Anonymous. 1988a. FAO code of condu
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(Adam 1976; Fraser and Burrill 1979
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in the lower price categories tend
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Anas, N.; Jusoh Mamat, Md.; Heong,
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Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan
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Materials and methods Assessment of
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At the end of each day's operations
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Table 3. Number of garments chafing
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underlines the need to change attit
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Evaluation and management of pestic
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target and react with some crucial
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scientists on a contractual basis,
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pesticides in developing countries
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Regional information resources for
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Table 2. Number of enquiries receiv
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extent of this problem in developin
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Promoting the safe use of pesticide
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pests) is observed. Thus, the "quic
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is one of principal agencies respon
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Pretesting materials in training an
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of costly medical technologies and
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The agricultural sector has by far
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At the community level, the extent
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Neufeld, V. 1989. Community-based m
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Outline for learning module using o
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WHO (World Health Organization). 19
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In the past decade, tremendous effo
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Jiang-Su province Results and discu
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As a result of deregulation, the nu
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Table 3. Proportion of workers usin
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Shih, J.H.; Wu, Z.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.;
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Pesticides and wildlife: a short gu
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Using target-specific products mini
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specifications. Other data are asse
Page 257 and 258: Formulation-specific concerns The e
Page 259 and 260: mirex, and chiordecone have been ba
Page 261 and 262: 1984). The base for pesticide granu
Page 263 and 264: e more stringently reviewed. In Can
Page 265 and 266: For example, searching for carcasse
Page 267 and 268: overlooked. In developing countries
Page 269 and 270: Establish monitoring programs to de
Page 271 and 272: Grue, C.E.; Fleming, W.J.; Busby, D
Page 273 and 274: Schafer, E.W., Jr; Brunton, R.B. 19
Page 275 and 276: Table 1. Prevalence and distributio
Page 277 and 278: By 1980, resistance to at least one
Page 279 and 280: tries. Japanese encephalitis has be
Page 281 and 282: to the targeted larvae of mosquitoe
Page 283 and 284: The role of the community Many prob
Page 285 and 286: from locally available sacking mate
Page 287 and 288: services. The project also includes
Page 289 and 290: Maxwell, C.A.; Curtis, C.F.; Haji,
Page 291 and 292: Botanical pesticides: optimizing pe
Page 293 and 294: neurotoxin but a cytotoxin, cross-r
Page 295 and 296: MoDuscicide- and pesticide-developm
Page 297 and 298: A development plan has been identif
Page 299 and 300: and environmental effects must be d
Page 301 and 302: Devitt, B.D.; Philogène, B.J.R.; H
Page 303 and 304: Endod, a potential natural pesticid
Page 305 and 306: University in Ottawa, and in other
Page 307: in the field (Lugt 1981), 137 500 m
Page 311 and 312: Community participation, including
Page 313 and 314: Acknowledgment- This research has b
Page 315 and 316: multiplication. The high temperatur
Page 317 and 318: Because pesticides are required in
Page 319 and 320: Africa and now East Africa. The suc
Page 321 and 322: Integrated pest management 1PM may
Page 323 and 324: to risk crop damage. Close involvem
Page 325 and 326: Ramos-Ocampo, V.E.; Magallona, E.D.
Page 327 and 328: esidues on fresh and cooked vegetab
Page 329 and 330: Grassy strip 108 N Farmer's Experim
Page 331 and 332: Table 1. Description and efficiency
Page 333 and 334: Table 3. Cost (PHP) of pest managem
Page 335 and 336: in the field. These pests were the
Page 337 and 338: PART V APPENDICES
Page 339 and 340: Ravindra Fernando, National Poisons
Page 341 and 342: Frank White, Pan-American Health Or
Page 343 and 344: ECHO abdominal ultrasonograph EEG e
Page 345 and 346: URT upper respiratory tract USAID U
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