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Condarco, C.; Medina, H. 1986b. Control de plagas integrado - Toxicological report on pesticide sales companies in the cities of Cochabamba and Santa Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Salud Ocupacional, La Paz, Bolivia. Henao, S.; Carey, C. 1986. Plaguicidas organo-fosforados y carbamatos. Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization, Mexico City, Mexico. Serie Vigilancia Z. INSO (Instituto Nacional de Salud Ocupacional). 1986. History of the use of pesticides in Bolivia. Report submitted to the United States Agency for International Development, La Paz, Bolivia. 1987. Memorias bodas de plata (1962-1987). INSO, La Paz, Bolivia. Malgarejo, V.H. 1987. Inforrne sobre la problematica regional de Cochabamba sobre uso de plaguicidas. Institute Nacional de Salud Ocupacional, La Paz, Bolivia. Vargara R., R. 1984. Use and abuse of pesticides in Bocaya: summary of the conference held for the 8th national meeting of RAPAL, June 1984, Palmeira, Colombia. Zanaga, A.; et al. 1984. Proyecto de vigilancia epidemiologica en toxicologla de los pesticidas (FUNDACENTRO). Revista Brasileira de Salud Ocupacional, 2 (47). 84
Pulmonary obstructive disease in a population using paraquat in Colombia ME. Arroyave Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogota, Colombia Paraquat, a herbicide of the bipyridil group, has been used in Colombia with increasing frequencysince its registration in 1969. This study aimed to discern the effects of paraquat on agricultural workers. A questionnaire and a medical examination (including lung-function tests) were used to determine exposure. The results indicate that there is a positive association between the use of paraquat (at high levels of exposure), smoking habits, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium dichioride) has been used as a broad-spectrum herbicide for nearly 30 years. Since its registration in Colombia in 1969, paraquat has been used principally for the control of weeds in cotton, sugarcane, potato, corn, and tomato cultivation. It is also used as a desiccator to facilitate the harvesting of rice, sugarcane, soybeans, corn, and sorghum crops and as a defoliant in the cultivation of bananas, cacao, oil palms, citrus, and other fruits. In nonagricultural areas, paraquat is used as a nonspecific contact herbicide. Paraquat has been classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a class II (moderately hazardous) compound. In experimental animals, the systemic administration of this substance results in progressively degenerative and potentially lethal lesions in the lungs. In addition to degenerative lung fibrosis, observed effects in humans range from dermal toxicity and irritation of the skin and mucous membranes (Hearn and Keir 1971) to corrosive gastrointestinal effects, renal tubular damage, and liver dysfunction (Grant et al. 1980). At present, there is no antidote for paraquat poisoning and treatment is perforce symptomatic. Paraquat is not destroyed by the biological processes of plants or mammals. In mammals, absorbed paraquat is largely eliminated unchanged by the kidneys because of its low molecular weight and nonvolatility. However, 85
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Impact of pesticide use on health i
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IMPACT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HEALTH I
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©International Development Researc
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Contents Acknowledgments viii Forew
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Control of disease vectors: a curre
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Foreword From their first appearanc
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PART! EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE POI
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Although pesticides are used both i
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Table 1. Introduction of pesticides
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problem. The International Developm
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impact of pesticides on Canadian wi
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investigated further. For example,
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Conclusions The subject of this vol
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Jusoh Mamat, M.; Anas, A.N.; Heong,
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Health-risk assessment of pesticide
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especially in the absence of comple
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depends largely on external factors
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Specific situations may require spe
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that the best possible work is done
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doses (chronic poisoning) or delaye
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Table 1. Poisoning incidents in fou
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Pesticide research for public healt
Page 45 and 46: Current pest control practices in T
Page 47 and 48: 800- 400- 200 - 1980 1981 1982 1983
Page 49 and 50: designed 30-40 years ago (Jusoh Mam
Page 51 and 52: and tore easily. One investigation
Page 53 and 54: education, mass-communication tools
Page 55 and 56: Increase and improve training activ
Page 57 and 58: Castaneda, C.P. 1988. Pesticide poi
Page 59 and 60: Ooi, A.C.P.; Heong, K.L.; Lim, B.K.
Page 61 and 62: Investigations into acute pyrethroi
Page 63 and 64: Level of exposure To assess the lev
Page 65 and 66: Table 2. Cases of acute pyrethroid
Page 67 and 68: (in 121 subjects), usually develope
Page 69 and 70: Deltamethrin was detectable in the
Page 71 and 72: pyrethroid poisoning. Therefore, th
Page 73 and 74: Gilliatt, R.W.; Willison, R.G. 1963
Page 75 and 76: Table 1. Value of imported pesticid
Page 77 and 78: Study two Twelve farmers participat
Page 79 and 80: All activities Left hand (73.2) Lef
Page 81 and 82: Acknowledgment- The three studies r
Page 83 and 84: Since the creation of Pakistan in 1
Page 85 and 86: Table 1. Incidents of pesticide poi
Page 87 and 88: Sandu, S.S.; Waters, M.D.; Simmon,
Page 89 and 90: and chlordane. Pest resistance to t
Page 91 and 92: young workers was 15.8%, 6.8%, and
Page 93 and 94: Storage of pesticides Although the
Page 95: Discussion The lowland regions and
Page 99 and 100: To investigate the presence and mea
Page 101 and 102: Age (years) Table 1. Distribution o
Page 103 and 104: was among paraquat users who smoked
Page 105 and 106: Levin, P.J.; Klaff, L.J.; Rose, A.G
Page 107 and 108: the delta. The total population of
Page 109 and 110: The successive and simultaneous rel
Page 111 and 112: on clinical studies and laboratory
Page 113 and 114: This made the collection of blood s
Page 115 and 116: Table 1. Relation between informati
Page 117 and 118: analysis, and engaging in various t
Page 119 and 120: Table 1. Value (million KSH) of pes
Page 121 and 122: To develop a health-education packa
Page 123 and 124: Storage site Table 3. Storage of ag
Page 125 and 126: Table 5. Causes of agrochemical and
Page 127 and 128: Methods A pilot field survey was un
Page 129 and 130: Conclusion The practices followed b
Page 131 and 132: manufactured or formulated locally,
Page 133 and 134: However, based on individual compla
Page 135 and 136: Table 4. Acetylcholinesterase activ
Page 137 and 138: Age did not appear to be an importa
Page 139 and 140: eactions to the pesticides in occup
Page 141 and 142: Bowers, M,B.; Goodman, E.; Sim, V.M
Page 143 and 144: Extent of exposure of farm workers
Page 145 and 146: Group III consisted of 31 farmers w
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25 - 0 Level of exposure J Group 1,
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Pesticides were stored everywhere c
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Table 2. Concluded. Question Answer
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PART II RELATING PESTICIDE DEVELOPM
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Toxicity Table 1. Requirements and
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Screening Process development Route
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Progress in improving safety Pestic
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type of formulation, and warning pr
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The pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is mo
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Studying the effects of pesticides
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of the risk is a quantitative issue
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egistry could be linked to the lice
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poisoned through mishandling of an
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no documented incident could be fou
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Region Table 3. Use of using pictog
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of fluorinated HDPE because fluorin
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Current initiatives, at the interna
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inding within their jurisdictions.
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Benefits of a hazard auditor From t
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different agencies take to be permi
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industry and of its serving to legi
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Anonymous. 1988a. FAO code of condu
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(Adam 1976; Fraser and Burrill 1979
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in the lower price categories tend
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Anas, N.; Jusoh Mamat, Md.; Heong,
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Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan
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Materials and methods Assessment of
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At the end of each day's operations
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Table 3. Number of garments chafing
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underlines the need to change attit
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Evaluation and management of pestic
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target and react with some crucial
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scientists on a contractual basis,
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pesticides in developing countries
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Regional information resources for
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Table 2. Number of enquiries receiv
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extent of this problem in developin
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Promoting the safe use of pesticide
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pests) is observed. Thus, the "quic
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is one of principal agencies respon
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Pretesting materials in training an
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of costly medical technologies and
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The agricultural sector has by far
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At the community level, the extent
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Neufeld, V. 1989. Community-based m
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Outline for learning module using o
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WHO (World Health Organization). 19
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In the past decade, tremendous effo
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Jiang-Su province Results and discu
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As a result of deregulation, the nu
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Table 3. Proportion of workers usin
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Shih, J.H.; Wu, Z.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.;
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Pesticides and wildlife: a short gu
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Using target-specific products mini
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specifications. Other data are asse
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Formulation-specific concerns The e
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mirex, and chiordecone have been ba
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1984). The base for pesticide granu
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e more stringently reviewed. In Can
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For example, searching for carcasse
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overlooked. In developing countries
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Establish monitoring programs to de
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Grue, C.E.; Fleming, W.J.; Busby, D
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Schafer, E.W., Jr; Brunton, R.B. 19
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Table 1. Prevalence and distributio
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By 1980, resistance to at least one
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tries. Japanese encephalitis has be
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to the targeted larvae of mosquitoe
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The role of the community Many prob
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from locally available sacking mate
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services. The project also includes
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Maxwell, C.A.; Curtis, C.F.; Haji,
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Botanical pesticides: optimizing pe
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neurotoxin but a cytotoxin, cross-r
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MoDuscicide- and pesticide-developm
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A development plan has been identif
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and environmental effects must be d
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Devitt, B.D.; Philogène, B.J.R.; H
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Endod, a potential natural pesticid
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University in Ottawa, and in other
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in the field (Lugt 1981), 137 500 m
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Hutchinson, J.; Dalziel, J.M. 1929.
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Community participation, including
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Acknowledgment- This research has b
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multiplication. The high temperatur
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Because pesticides are required in
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Africa and now East Africa. The suc
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Integrated pest management 1PM may
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to risk crop damage. Close involvem
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Ramos-Ocampo, V.E.; Magallona, E.D.
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esidues on fresh and cooked vegetab
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Grassy strip 108 N Farmer's Experim
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Table 1. Description and efficiency
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Table 3. Cost (PHP) of pest managem
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in the field. These pests were the
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PART V APPENDICES
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Ravindra Fernando, National Poisons
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Frank White, Pan-American Health Or
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ECHO abdominal ultrasonograph EEG e
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URT upper respiratory tract USAID U
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