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Problems encountered with the locally designed protective clothing included a sensation of warmth and the plastic material at the sides of the vests and the bags covering the hands was easily torn. There was no statistically significant difference in cholinesterase levels in red blood cells before and after exposure to methyl parathion among farmers with and without protective clothing. Mean urinary p-nitrophenol levels were not significantly different between exposure groups after spraying. In the two methyl parathion studies, no variability in meteorological parameters and no clinical symptoms of organophosphate poisoning were observed in any of the participants. Study three, using monocrotophos, indicated that hands were exposed during mixing and loading operations, particularly those of farmers not using protective measures. High exposure of uncovered hands and face to spray mists was observed during spraying activities. However, no acute adverse health effects were observed during application of monocrotophos. Cholinesterase activity in whole blood or red blood cells was not significantly affected, but in all subjects plasma cholinesterase level decreased by 40%. Urinalysis for dimethyl phosphate confirmed absorption in all subjects, regardless of the use of protective measures. In this study, protective measures were mainly used during mixing and loading activities. However, because mixingloading and spraying activities were carried out by the same person, no definite conclusions can be drawn regarding the effects of the protective measures. Conclusions These studies demonstrated that, in the course of a normal spraying operations, Filipino farmers are exposed to contamination of their clothing and potential dermal absorption by organophosphate pesticides. However, no adverse health effects were noted. The area of the body with highest potential for dermal exposure and penetration is the hands. Mixing and loading activities had the highest potential for dermal contamination; undertaking all the activities was associated with the highest potential for dermal penetration. The protective clothing studies had different results. In the methyl parathion study, pesticide-residue levels in the group who used protective clothing were lower than those who were not protected. In the monocrotophos study, no conclusion could be drawn. For both pesticides, there was no change in cholinesterase levels in red blood cells after exposure. 68
Acknowledgment- The three studies reported here were funded by the International Development Research Centre, the Philippines Council for Health, Research and Development, and the Shell Company. Aldridge, W.N.; Davies, D.R. 1952. Determination of cholinesterase activity in human blood. British Medical Journal, 1952 (May-June), 945-947. Castaneda, C.P.; Maramba, N.C.; Ordas, A.V. 1989. A field exposure study to methyl parathion among selected rice farmers. Ada Medica Philippina, 25(3), 71-77. Kaye, S. 1980. Handbook of emergency toxicology. Charles Thomas, Springfield, IL, USA. Pp. 433-442. Rola, A.C. n.d. Pesticides, health risks and farming productivity: a Philippine experience. Final report (Assessing the benefits and risks of pesticide use in Philippine agriculture) submitted to the Agricultural Policy Research Program, University of the Philippines at Los Baflos. Philippines. 122 pp. van Sitter, N.J.; Castaneda, C.P.; Dumas, E.P. 1989. Field study of exposure and health effects following knapsack application of an azodrin formulation to rice in the Philippines. Report HSE 89.008. WHO (World Health Organization). 1982. Field surveys of exposure to pesticides. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. Standard Protocol VBC/82.1. 69
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Impact of pesticide use on health i
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IMPACT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HEALTH I
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©International Development Researc
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Contents Acknowledgments viii Forew
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Control of disease vectors: a curre
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Foreword From their first appearanc
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PART! EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE POI
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Although pesticides are used both i
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Table 1. Introduction of pesticides
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problem. The International Developm
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impact of pesticides on Canadian wi
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investigated further. For example,
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Conclusions The subject of this vol
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Jusoh Mamat, M.; Anas, A.N.; Heong,
Page 29 and 30: Health-risk assessment of pesticide
Page 31 and 32: especially in the absence of comple
Page 33 and 34: depends largely on external factors
Page 35 and 36: Specific situations may require spe
Page 37 and 38: that the best possible work is done
Page 39 and 40: doses (chronic poisoning) or delaye
Page 41 and 42: Table 1. Poisoning incidents in fou
Page 43 and 44: Pesticide research for public healt
Page 45 and 46: Current pest control practices in T
Page 47 and 48: 800- 400- 200 - 1980 1981 1982 1983
Page 49 and 50: designed 30-40 years ago (Jusoh Mam
Page 51 and 52: and tore easily. One investigation
Page 53 and 54: education, mass-communication tools
Page 55 and 56: Increase and improve training activ
Page 57 and 58: Castaneda, C.P. 1988. Pesticide poi
Page 59 and 60: Ooi, A.C.P.; Heong, K.L.; Lim, B.K.
Page 61 and 62: Investigations into acute pyrethroi
Page 63 and 64: Level of exposure To assess the lev
Page 65 and 66: Table 2. Cases of acute pyrethroid
Page 67 and 68: (in 121 subjects), usually develope
Page 69 and 70: Deltamethrin was detectable in the
Page 71 and 72: pyrethroid poisoning. Therefore, th
Page 73 and 74: Gilliatt, R.W.; Willison, R.G. 1963
Page 75 and 76: Table 1. Value of imported pesticid
Page 77 and 78: Study two Twelve farmers participat
Page 79: All activities Left hand (73.2) Lef
Page 83 and 84: Since the creation of Pakistan in 1
Page 85 and 86: Table 1. Incidents of pesticide poi
Page 87 and 88: Sandu, S.S.; Waters, M.D.; Simmon,
Page 89 and 90: and chlordane. Pest resistance to t
Page 91 and 92: young workers was 15.8%, 6.8%, and
Page 93 and 94: Storage of pesticides Although the
Page 95 and 96: Discussion The lowland regions and
Page 97 and 98: Pulmonary obstructive disease in a
Page 99 and 100: To investigate the presence and mea
Page 101 and 102: Age (years) Table 1. Distribution o
Page 103 and 104: was among paraquat users who smoked
Page 105 and 106: Levin, P.J.; Klaff, L.J.; Rose, A.G
Page 107 and 108: the delta. The total population of
Page 109 and 110: The successive and simultaneous rel
Page 111 and 112: on clinical studies and laboratory
Page 113 and 114: This made the collection of blood s
Page 115 and 116: Table 1. Relation between informati
Page 117 and 118: analysis, and engaging in various t
Page 119 and 120: Table 1. Value (million KSH) of pes
Page 121 and 122: To develop a health-education packa
Page 123 and 124: Storage site Table 3. Storage of ag
Page 125 and 126: Table 5. Causes of agrochemical and
Page 127 and 128: Methods A pilot field survey was un
Page 129 and 130: Conclusion The practices followed b
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manufactured or formulated locally,
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However, based on individual compla
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Table 4. Acetylcholinesterase activ
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Age did not appear to be an importa
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eactions to the pesticides in occup
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Bowers, M,B.; Goodman, E.; Sim, V.M
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Extent of exposure of farm workers
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Group III consisted of 31 farmers w
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25 - 0 Level of exposure J Group 1,
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Pesticides were stored everywhere c
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Table 2. Concluded. Question Answer
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PART II RELATING PESTICIDE DEVELOPM
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Toxicity Table 1. Requirements and
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Screening Process development Route
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Progress in improving safety Pestic
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type of formulation, and warning pr
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The pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is mo
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Studying the effects of pesticides
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of the risk is a quantitative issue
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egistry could be linked to the lice
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poisoned through mishandling of an
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no documented incident could be fou
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Region Table 3. Use of using pictog
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of fluorinated HDPE because fluorin
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Current initiatives, at the interna
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inding within their jurisdictions.
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Benefits of a hazard auditor From t
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different agencies take to be permi
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industry and of its serving to legi
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Anonymous. 1988a. FAO code of condu
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(Adam 1976; Fraser and Burrill 1979
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in the lower price categories tend
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Anas, N.; Jusoh Mamat, Md.; Heong,
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Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan
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Materials and methods Assessment of
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At the end of each day's operations
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Table 3. Number of garments chafing
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underlines the need to change attit
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Evaluation and management of pestic
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target and react with some crucial
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scientists on a contractual basis,
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pesticides in developing countries
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Regional information resources for
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Table 2. Number of enquiries receiv
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extent of this problem in developin
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Promoting the safe use of pesticide
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pests) is observed. Thus, the "quic
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is one of principal agencies respon
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Pretesting materials in training an
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of costly medical technologies and
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The agricultural sector has by far
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At the community level, the extent
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Neufeld, V. 1989. Community-based m
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Outline for learning module using o
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WHO (World Health Organization). 19
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In the past decade, tremendous effo
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Jiang-Su province Results and discu
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As a result of deregulation, the nu
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Table 3. Proportion of workers usin
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Shih, J.H.; Wu, Z.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.;
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Pesticides and wildlife: a short gu
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Using target-specific products mini
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specifications. Other data are asse
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Formulation-specific concerns The e
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mirex, and chiordecone have been ba
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1984). The base for pesticide granu
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e more stringently reviewed. In Can
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For example, searching for carcasse
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overlooked. In developing countries
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Establish monitoring programs to de
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Grue, C.E.; Fleming, W.J.; Busby, D
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Schafer, E.W., Jr; Brunton, R.B. 19
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Table 1. Prevalence and distributio
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By 1980, resistance to at least one
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tries. Japanese encephalitis has be
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to the targeted larvae of mosquitoe
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The role of the community Many prob
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from locally available sacking mate
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services. The project also includes
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Maxwell, C.A.; Curtis, C.F.; Haji,
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Botanical pesticides: optimizing pe
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neurotoxin but a cytotoxin, cross-r
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MoDuscicide- and pesticide-developm
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A development plan has been identif
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and environmental effects must be d
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Devitt, B.D.; Philogène, B.J.R.; H
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Endod, a potential natural pesticid
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University in Ottawa, and in other
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in the field (Lugt 1981), 137 500 m
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Hutchinson, J.; Dalziel, J.M. 1929.
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Community participation, including
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Acknowledgment- This research has b
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multiplication. The high temperatur
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Because pesticides are required in
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Africa and now East Africa. The suc
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Integrated pest management 1PM may
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to risk crop damage. Close involvem
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Ramos-Ocampo, V.E.; Magallona, E.D.
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esidues on fresh and cooked vegetab
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Grassy strip 108 N Farmer's Experim
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Table 1. Description and efficiency
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Table 3. Cost (PHP) of pest managem
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in the field. These pests were the
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PART V APPENDICES
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Ravindra Fernando, National Poisons
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Frank White, Pan-American Health Or
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ECHO abdominal ultrasonograph EEG e
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URT upper respiratory tract USAID U
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