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advice on handling and personal protection. The comparison of the major groups of pesticides shows that with the development of the pyrethroids, a major step forward has been made in the creation of safe pesticides. Similarly, rodenticide is an example of a substance whose high efficacy and sophisticated product development compensate for high toxicity, allowing a final product that is safe for humans. Graham-Bryce, I.J. 1990. Shell Agriculture, 6, 20-22. He, F.; Sun, J.; Han, K.; Wu, Y.; Yao, P.; Wang, S.; Liu, L. 1988. Effects of pyrethroid insecticides on subjects engaged in packaging pyrethroids. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 45,548-551. He, F.; Wang, S.; Liu, L.; Chen, S.; Zhang, Z.; Sun, J. 1989. Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of acute pyrethroid poisoning. Archives of Toxicology, 63, 54-58. IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety). 1986. Organophosphorus insecticides: a general introduction. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Environmental Health Criteria 63. 1989. Aldrin and dieldrin. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Environmental Health Criteria 91. Jager, K.W. 1970. Aldrin, dieldrin, endrin and telodrin: an epidemiological and toxicological study of long-term occupational exposure. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands. van Sittert, N.J. 1986. Report of rapporteur. Toxicology Letters 33, 205-213. Tordoir, W.F. 1980. Field studies monitoring exposure and effects in the development of pesticides. In Tordoir, WE; van Heemstra-Lequin, E.A.H., ed., Field worker exposure during pesticide application. Elsevier, New York, NY, USA. Studies in Environmental Sciences 7, pp. 21-26. 152
Studying the effects of pesticides on humans M. Maroni International Centre for Pesticide Safety, Busto Garolfo, Milan, Italy Assessment of the health risks of pesticides to humans and regulation of their use are based on experiments on laboratory animals. Concern over the applicability of such studies prompted discussion at the 9th International Workshop of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH). Highlights of the discussion and recommendations made at the workshop are presented in this paper, along with a review of difficulties associated with studies on people exposed to pesticides. The use of human-exposure and health data for improving assessment of the toxicological risk of pesticides and setting regulations to govern their use was a topic of discussion at the 9th International Workshop of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH 1990). There was concern that the regulation of pesticides is based mainly on data generated from animaltoxicology studies and only to a limited extent on information about effects on human health. The aim of the workshop was to discuss studies on human exposure to pesticides and the resulting health effects, identify advantages and limitations on the use of such data by regulatory bodies compared with animal data, and to formulate recommendations for ICOH. Participants were 28 experts from 9 countries representing international organizations, governmental agencies, academia, and industry. Presentations included: four on the generation of human-exposure data in field studies, using dermal-deposit measurements and biological monitoring; four on health effects in field workers applying pesticides, using biological and clinical tests; an epidemiologic study of a large farming population in Canada, investigating possible associations between the use of pesticides and health effects; three on the development of protocols for conducting epidemiological studies; the limitations of data on animal carcinogenicity for predicting carcinogenic risk in humans; and the activities of the International Centre for Pesticide Safety (ICPS). I 53
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Impact of pesticide use on health i
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IMPACT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HEALTH I
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©International Development Researc
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Contents Acknowledgments viii Forew
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Control of disease vectors: a curre
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Foreword From their first appearanc
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PART! EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE POI
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Although pesticides are used both i
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Table 1. Introduction of pesticides
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problem. The International Developm
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impact of pesticides on Canadian wi
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investigated further. For example,
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Conclusions The subject of this vol
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Jusoh Mamat, M.; Anas, A.N.; Heong,
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Health-risk assessment of pesticide
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especially in the absence of comple
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depends largely on external factors
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Specific situations may require spe
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that the best possible work is done
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doses (chronic poisoning) or delaye
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Table 1. Poisoning incidents in fou
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Pesticide research for public healt
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Current pest control practices in T
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800- 400- 200 - 1980 1981 1982 1983
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designed 30-40 years ago (Jusoh Mam
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and tore easily. One investigation
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education, mass-communication tools
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Increase and improve training activ
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Castaneda, C.P. 1988. Pesticide poi
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Ooi, A.C.P.; Heong, K.L.; Lim, B.K.
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Investigations into acute pyrethroi
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Level of exposure To assess the lev
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Table 2. Cases of acute pyrethroid
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(in 121 subjects), usually develope
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Deltamethrin was detectable in the
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pyrethroid poisoning. Therefore, th
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Gilliatt, R.W.; Willison, R.G. 1963
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Table 1. Value of imported pesticid
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Study two Twelve farmers participat
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All activities Left hand (73.2) Lef
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Acknowledgment- The three studies r
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Since the creation of Pakistan in 1
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Table 1. Incidents of pesticide poi
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Sandu, S.S.; Waters, M.D.; Simmon,
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and chlordane. Pest resistance to t
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young workers was 15.8%, 6.8%, and
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Storage of pesticides Although the
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Discussion The lowland regions and
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Pulmonary obstructive disease in a
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To investigate the presence and mea
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Age (years) Table 1. Distribution o
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was among paraquat users who smoked
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Levin, P.J.; Klaff, L.J.; Rose, A.G
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the delta. The total population of
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The successive and simultaneous rel
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on clinical studies and laboratory
Page 113 and 114: This made the collection of blood s
Page 115 and 116: Table 1. Relation between informati
Page 117 and 118: analysis, and engaging in various t
Page 119 and 120: Table 1. Value (million KSH) of pes
Page 121 and 122: To develop a health-education packa
Page 123 and 124: Storage site Table 3. Storage of ag
Page 125 and 126: Table 5. Causes of agrochemical and
Page 127 and 128: Methods A pilot field survey was un
Page 129 and 130: Conclusion The practices followed b
Page 131 and 132: manufactured or formulated locally,
Page 133 and 134: However, based on individual compla
Page 135 and 136: Table 4. Acetylcholinesterase activ
Page 137 and 138: Age did not appear to be an importa
Page 139 and 140: eactions to the pesticides in occup
Page 141 and 142: Bowers, M,B.; Goodman, E.; Sim, V.M
Page 143 and 144: Extent of exposure of farm workers
Page 145 and 146: Group III consisted of 31 farmers w
Page 147 and 148: 25 - 0 Level of exposure J Group 1,
Page 149 and 150: Pesticides were stored everywhere c
Page 151 and 152: Table 2. Concluded. Question Answer
Page 153 and 154: PART II RELATING PESTICIDE DEVELOPM
Page 155 and 156: Toxicity Table 1. Requirements and
Page 157 and 158: Screening Process development Route
Page 159 and 160: Progress in improving safety Pestic
Page 161 and 162: type of formulation, and warning pr
Page 163: The pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is mo
Page 167 and 168: of the risk is a quantitative issue
Page 169 and 170: egistry could be linked to the lice
Page 171 and 172: poisoned through mishandling of an
Page 173 and 174: no documented incident could be fou
Page 175 and 176: Region Table 3. Use of using pictog
Page 177 and 178: of fluorinated HDPE because fluorin
Page 179 and 180: Current initiatives, at the interna
Page 181 and 182: inding within their jurisdictions.
Page 183 and 184: Benefits of a hazard auditor From t
Page 185 and 186: different agencies take to be permi
Page 187 and 188: industry and of its serving to legi
Page 189 and 190: Anonymous. 1988a. FAO code of condu
Page 191 and 192: (Adam 1976; Fraser and Burrill 1979
Page 193 and 194: in the lower price categories tend
Page 195 and 196: Anas, N.; Jusoh Mamat, Md.; Heong,
Page 197 and 198: Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan
Page 199 and 200: Materials and methods Assessment of
Page 201 and 202: At the end of each day's operations
Page 203 and 204: Table 3. Number of garments chafing
Page 205 and 206: underlines the need to change attit
Page 207 and 208: Evaluation and management of pestic
Page 209 and 210: target and react with some crucial
Page 211 and 212: scientists on a contractual basis,
Page 213 and 214: pesticides in developing countries
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Regional information resources for
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Table 2. Number of enquiries receiv
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extent of this problem in developin
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Promoting the safe use of pesticide
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pests) is observed. Thus, the "quic
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is one of principal agencies respon
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Pretesting materials in training an
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of costly medical technologies and
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The agricultural sector has by far
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At the community level, the extent
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Neufeld, V. 1989. Community-based m
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Outline for learning module using o
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WHO (World Health Organization). 19
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In the past decade, tremendous effo
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Jiang-Su province Results and discu
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As a result of deregulation, the nu
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Table 3. Proportion of workers usin
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Shih, J.H.; Wu, Z.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.;
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Pesticides and wildlife: a short gu
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Using target-specific products mini
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specifications. Other data are asse
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Formulation-specific concerns The e
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mirex, and chiordecone have been ba
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1984). The base for pesticide granu
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e more stringently reviewed. In Can
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For example, searching for carcasse
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overlooked. In developing countries
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Establish monitoring programs to de
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Grue, C.E.; Fleming, W.J.; Busby, D
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Schafer, E.W., Jr; Brunton, R.B. 19
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Table 1. Prevalence and distributio
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By 1980, resistance to at least one
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tries. Japanese encephalitis has be
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to the targeted larvae of mosquitoe
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The role of the community Many prob
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from locally available sacking mate
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services. The project also includes
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Maxwell, C.A.; Curtis, C.F.; Haji,
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Botanical pesticides: optimizing pe
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neurotoxin but a cytotoxin, cross-r
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MoDuscicide- and pesticide-developm
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A development plan has been identif
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and environmental effects must be d
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Devitt, B.D.; Philogène, B.J.R.; H
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Endod, a potential natural pesticid
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University in Ottawa, and in other
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in the field (Lugt 1981), 137 500 m
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Hutchinson, J.; Dalziel, J.M. 1929.
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Community participation, including
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Acknowledgment- This research has b
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multiplication. The high temperatur
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Because pesticides are required in
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Africa and now East Africa. The suc
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Integrated pest management 1PM may
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to risk crop damage. Close involvem
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Ramos-Ocampo, V.E.; Magallona, E.D.
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esidues on fresh and cooked vegetab
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Grassy strip 108 N Farmer's Experim
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Table 1. Description and efficiency
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Table 3. Cost (PHP) of pest managem
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in the field. These pests were the
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PART V APPENDICES
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Ravindra Fernando, National Poisons
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Frank White, Pan-American Health Or
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ECHO abdominal ultrasonograph EEG e
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URT upper respiratory tract USAID U
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