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Abstract The introduction of modern inputs, such as pesticides and chemicalfertilizers, has substantially increased agricultural productivity. Pesticides have also revolutionized the fight against endemic diseases in developing countries. Unfortunately, there is reverse side to this coin: the World Health Organization estimates that these agents cause 2 million cases of poisoning a year, of which 20 000 result in death. This book contains papers presented at a symposium to review the impact of pesticide use on health in developing countries. Part I presents a brief survey of the global situation and the results of 12 epidemiologic studies carried out by researchers in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. These focus on poisonings resulting from organophosphates, herbicides, and pyrethroids. Part II illustrates how the processes of development and production of pesticides, spraying techniques, and legislation can affect the health of workers. Part III consists of discussion of the benefits and ways of obtaining pertinent information for the prevention of pesticide poisonings. Finally, consideration is given to the advantages and disadvantages of certain alternatives to the use of synthetic pesticides in agriculture and public health, such as botanical pesticides and integrated pest management strategies. Résumé - C'est avec l'introduction des intrant modernes tels les pesticides et les engrais chimiques que l'agriculture a atteint son niveau de productivité actuel. De même, les pesticides ont révolutionné la lutte contre les grandes endérnies dans les pays en développement. Malheureusement, ii y a un revers a la médaille : l'Organisation mondiale de Ia santéestime a 2 millions par année les cas d'empoisonnement dus aces agents, dont 20000 sont mortels. Cette publication contient les communications présentees au colloque sur l'effet des pesticides sur Ia sante dans le tiers monde. La premiere partie donne un aperçu global de Ia situation et les constatations de douze etudes épidemiologiques faites par des chercheurs d'Afrique, d'Asie, d'Amérique latine et du Moyen-Orient. Ces etudes ant porte sur les empoisonnements dus aux organophosphates, aux herbicides et aux pyréthrinoides. La deuxième partie illustre comment la creation et Ia production des pesticides, les techniques de pulvérisation et la legislation peuvent influer sur la santédes travailleurs. La troisième partie traite des avantages que presente l'existence d'informations pertinentes sur les pesticides pour la prevention des empoisonnements et des modalités d'accès a ces inforrnations. La dernière partie porte sur les avantages et les inconvénients, en agriculture et en sante publique, de moyens de lutte autres que les pesticides synthetiques comme les pesticides d'origine vegétale et les strategies de defense integrées des cultures. Resumen - Gracias a la introducción de insumos modernos tales como pesticidas y fertilizantes qulmicos la agricultura ha aumentado notablemente su productividad. Los pesticidas han revolucionado a lucha contra las enfermedades endémicas en los palses en desarrollo, Lamentablernente, la medalla tiene tarnbién un reverso: La Organización Mundial de la Salud considera que estos agentes causan 2 millones de casos en envenenamiento por año, de los cuales 20 000 se traducen en muertes. En este libro se recogen las pan encias presentadas en un simposio organ izado para examinar el impacto del uso de pesticidas en la salud de los habitantes de los paises en desarrollo. La Parte I presenta un breve estudio de la situación global y los resultados de 12 estudios epidemiológicos realizados par investigadores en Africa, Asia, America Latina y en el Media Oriente. Estos se centran en envenenamientos causados par fosfatos orgdnicos, herbicidas y piretroides. La Parte II ilustra cómo Los procesos de desarrollo y producciOn de pesticidas, técnicas de rociado par aspersion, y la legislaciOn pue4en afectar la salud de los trabajadores. La Parte III del volu men examina los beneficios y modos de obtener Ia informacion pertinentes para Ia prevenciOn de envenenamientos par pesticidas. Finalmente, se consideran las ventajas y desventajas de ciertas alternativas hacia el usa tie pesticidas sintéticos tan to en agricultura coma en salud püblica, tales coino pesticidas botdnicos y estrategias integradas para control de plagas.
Contents Acknowledgments viii Foreword ix Part I: Epidemiology of pesticide poisoning - practical research experience in developing countries Balancing the need for pesticides with the risk to human health C. Forget 2 Health-risk assessment of pesticides: development of epidemiologic approaches E White 1 7 Acute pesticide poisoning in Asia: the problem and its prevention I. Jeyaratnam 26 Pesticide research for public health and safety in Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand K. Lum, Md. Jusoh Mamat, U.B. Cheah, C.P Castaneda, A.C. Ru/a, and P Sinhaseni 31 Investigations into acute pyrethroid poisoning in cotton growers in China F. He, S. Chen, Z Zhang, J. Sun, P. Yao, Y Wu, S. Wang, L. Liv, and H. Dang 49 Field exposure during application of organophosphates using knapsack sprayers in the Philippines C.P Castaneda 62 Use and control of pesticides in Pakistan J. Liesivuori 70 Pesticide poisoning among agricultural workers in Bolivia C. Condarco Aguilar, H. Medina, I. Chinchilla, N. Veneros, M. Aguilar, and F. Carranza 76 Pulmonary obstructive disease in a population using paraquat in Colombia M.E. Arroyave 85 Control of pesticide intoxication through research and rural education in a Peruvian valley E.L. Rubin de Ce! is, ). L. B. Rob/es, J. Q. Paredes, J. B. Garcia, and CD. Chavez 94 Agrochemicals: a potential health hazard among Kenya's small-scale farmers M.A. Mwanthi and VN. Kimani 106 V
Page 1 and 2: Impact of pesticide use on health i
Page 3 and 4: IMPACT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HEALTH I
Page 5: ©International Development Researc
Page 9 and 10: Control of disease vectors: a curre
Page 11 and 12: Foreword From their first appearanc
Page 13 and 14: PART! EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE POI
Page 15 and 16: Although pesticides are used both i
Page 17 and 18: Table 1. Introduction of pesticides
Page 19 and 20: problem. The International Developm
Page 21 and 22: impact of pesticides on Canadian wi
Page 23 and 24: investigated further. For example,
Page 25 and 26: Conclusions The subject of this vol
Page 27 and 28: Jusoh Mamat, M.; Anas, A.N.; Heong,
Page 29 and 30: Health-risk assessment of pesticide
Page 31 and 32: especially in the absence of comple
Page 33 and 34: depends largely on external factors
Page 35 and 36: Specific situations may require spe
Page 37 and 38: that the best possible work is done
Page 39 and 40: doses (chronic poisoning) or delaye
Page 41 and 42: Table 1. Poisoning incidents in fou
Page 43 and 44: Pesticide research for public healt
Page 45 and 46: Current pest control practices in T
Page 47 and 48: 800- 400- 200 - 1980 1981 1982 1983
Page 49 and 50: designed 30-40 years ago (Jusoh Mam
Page 51 and 52: and tore easily. One investigation
Page 53 and 54: education, mass-communication tools
Page 55 and 56: Increase and improve training activ
Page 57 and 58:
Castaneda, C.P. 1988. Pesticide poi
Page 59 and 60:
Ooi, A.C.P.; Heong, K.L.; Lim, B.K.
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Investigations into acute pyrethroi
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Level of exposure To assess the lev
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Table 2. Cases of acute pyrethroid
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(in 121 subjects), usually develope
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Deltamethrin was detectable in the
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pyrethroid poisoning. Therefore, th
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Gilliatt, R.W.; Willison, R.G. 1963
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Table 1. Value of imported pesticid
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Study two Twelve farmers participat
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All activities Left hand (73.2) Lef
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Acknowledgment- The three studies r
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Since the creation of Pakistan in 1
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Table 1. Incidents of pesticide poi
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Sandu, S.S.; Waters, M.D.; Simmon,
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and chlordane. Pest resistance to t
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young workers was 15.8%, 6.8%, and
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Storage of pesticides Although the
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Discussion The lowland regions and
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Pulmonary obstructive disease in a
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To investigate the presence and mea
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Age (years) Table 1. Distribution o
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was among paraquat users who smoked
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Levin, P.J.; Klaff, L.J.; Rose, A.G
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the delta. The total population of
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The successive and simultaneous rel
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on clinical studies and laboratory
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This made the collection of blood s
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Table 1. Relation between informati
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analysis, and engaging in various t
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Table 1. Value (million KSH) of pes
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To develop a health-education packa
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Storage site Table 3. Storage of ag
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Table 5. Causes of agrochemical and
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Methods A pilot field survey was un
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Conclusion The practices followed b
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manufactured or formulated locally,
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However, based on individual compla
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Table 4. Acetylcholinesterase activ
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Age did not appear to be an importa
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eactions to the pesticides in occup
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Bowers, M,B.; Goodman, E.; Sim, V.M
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Extent of exposure of farm workers
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Group III consisted of 31 farmers w
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25 - 0 Level of exposure J Group 1,
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Pesticides were stored everywhere c
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Table 2. Concluded. Question Answer
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PART II RELATING PESTICIDE DEVELOPM
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Toxicity Table 1. Requirements and
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Screening Process development Route
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Progress in improving safety Pestic
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type of formulation, and warning pr
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The pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is mo
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Studying the effects of pesticides
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of the risk is a quantitative issue
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egistry could be linked to the lice
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poisoned through mishandling of an
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no documented incident could be fou
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Region Table 3. Use of using pictog
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of fluorinated HDPE because fluorin
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Current initiatives, at the interna
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inding within their jurisdictions.
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Benefits of a hazard auditor From t
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different agencies take to be permi
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industry and of its serving to legi
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Anonymous. 1988a. FAO code of condu
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(Adam 1976; Fraser and Burrill 1979
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in the lower price categories tend
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Anas, N.; Jusoh Mamat, Md.; Heong,
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Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan
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Materials and methods Assessment of
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At the end of each day's operations
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Table 3. Number of garments chafing
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underlines the need to change attit
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Evaluation and management of pestic
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target and react with some crucial
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scientists on a contractual basis,
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pesticides in developing countries
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Regional information resources for
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Table 2. Number of enquiries receiv
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extent of this problem in developin
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Promoting the safe use of pesticide
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pests) is observed. Thus, the "quic
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is one of principal agencies respon
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Pretesting materials in training an
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of costly medical technologies and
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The agricultural sector has by far
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At the community level, the extent
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Neufeld, V. 1989. Community-based m
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Outline for learning module using o
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WHO (World Health Organization). 19
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In the past decade, tremendous effo
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Jiang-Su province Results and discu
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As a result of deregulation, the nu
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Table 3. Proportion of workers usin
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Shih, J.H.; Wu, Z.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.;
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Pesticides and wildlife: a short gu
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Using target-specific products mini
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specifications. Other data are asse
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Formulation-specific concerns The e
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mirex, and chiordecone have been ba
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1984). The base for pesticide granu
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e more stringently reviewed. In Can
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For example, searching for carcasse
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overlooked. In developing countries
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Establish monitoring programs to de
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Grue, C.E.; Fleming, W.J.; Busby, D
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Schafer, E.W., Jr; Brunton, R.B. 19
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Table 1. Prevalence and distributio
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By 1980, resistance to at least one
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tries. Japanese encephalitis has be
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to the targeted larvae of mosquitoe
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The role of the community Many prob
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from locally available sacking mate
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services. The project also includes
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Maxwell, C.A.; Curtis, C.F.; Haji,
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Botanical pesticides: optimizing pe
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neurotoxin but a cytotoxin, cross-r
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MoDuscicide- and pesticide-developm
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A development plan has been identif
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and environmental effects must be d
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Devitt, B.D.; Philogène, B.J.R.; H
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Endod, a potential natural pesticid
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University in Ottawa, and in other
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in the field (Lugt 1981), 137 500 m
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Hutchinson, J.; Dalziel, J.M. 1929.
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Community participation, including
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Acknowledgment- This research has b
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multiplication. The high temperatur
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Because pesticides are required in
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Africa and now East Africa. The suc
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Integrated pest management 1PM may
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to risk crop damage. Close involvem
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Ramos-Ocampo, V.E.; Magallona, E.D.
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esidues on fresh and cooked vegetab
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Grassy strip 108 N Farmer's Experim
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Table 1. Description and efficiency
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Table 3. Cost (PHP) of pest managem
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in the field. These pests were the
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PART V APPENDICES
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Ravindra Fernando, National Poisons
Page 341 and 342:
Frank White, Pan-American Health Or
Page 343 and 344:
ECHO abdominal ultrasonograph EEG e
Page 345 and 346:
URT upper respiratory tract USAID U
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