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Trapping was done using three sticky traps, three pheromone traps, and a light trap (Table 1). Insecticide-treated plots were sprayed by the farmer using the same timing and dosage as on his own adjacent field. Between 24 February and 25 June, insecticides were applied 18 times; Hostathion (triazophos) was used most frequently and Dicarzol (formetanate hydrochloride), Decis (deltamethrin), and Azodrin (monocrotophos) less often. Untreated plots served as controls. Eggplants were harvested every 3-4 days and fruit was graded as class A (large and undamaged), class B (small or slightly damaged), and rejects (damaged by insects, rot, or discoloration). Weight and market price of each grade were recorded. After harvest, five plants were selected at random in each plot and examined for fruit and shoots damaged by Leucinodes, an indirect but efficient method of assessing larval population. The average number of other pests and beneficial insects per leaf was also recorded. Previous studies on Leucinodes, including those using an unsprayed control plot, have usually taken place in fields where most of the area was sprayed with insecticides. Such practices do not allow for the establishment of a full complement of predators and parasites in control fields. In this study, all unsprayed plots were grouped together, with large border areas, to create the largest possible block of unsprayed plants: 60 m2 was allocated to each treatment in the midst of 1 584 m2 of untreated plants. The overall yield of the experimental field was compared with that of the adjacent farmer's field. Vegetables grown without pesticides often sell at higher prices in the marketplace because customers are willing to pay more for the assurance of pesticide-free food. These premium prices provide an extra incentive for farmers who are considering nonchemical pest-control methods. To determine whether local consumers would pay more for unsprayed eggplant, a preliminary marketing study was conducted at theUniversity of the Philippines at Los Banos (UPLB). Results and discussion Previous work (Navasero 1983) determined that the life cycle of Leucinodes (egg to egg) in the Philippines was 23-30 days (mean, 25 days). Monitoring larval damage revealed distinct peaks at 23- to 31-day intervals (mean, 27 days), with minima over the same period occurring on average 16 days after the peaks, indicating the presence of a nearly synchronous population. Damage was highest when most of the pest species was present as larvae. The lows occurred when larvae had left the plants to pupate. Understanding the life cycle and population dynamics of a pest is crucial for timing the release of biological control agents that usually attack only one 319
Table 1. Description and efficiency of traps used to control Leucinodes in eggplant crops. No. No. used No. Leucinodes Catch per Type and description Placement per night nights caught trap per night 0 0 2 11 In reps 1 and 3, trap plots Light Kerosene lamp suspended over basin of water Sticky 0 0 6 5 In rep 2, all treatments Commercial flypaper (20 x 25 cm) placed vertically 0 0 18 128 All White, yellow, or unpainted plywood (20 x 20 cm), placed vertically, with petrolatum 0 0 3 116 All Green plywood (20 x 20 cm), placed horizontally, with petrolatum 0 0 3 1 All Pheromone Caged female Leudnodes in centre of yellow plywood (20 x 20 cm), placed vertically, with petrolatum 1 419 34.6 1 41 In rep 3, trap plots 17 0.6 3 10 In rep 3, trap plots, and 2 sites in experimental field outside plots Caged female Leucinodes suspended over basin of water Rubber septum with pheromone extract, suspended over basin of water Note: All traps were placed at canopy height and were checked each morning. Rep = replicates of experimental treatment.
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Impact of pesticide use on health i
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IMPACT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HEALTH I
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©International Development Researc
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Contents Acknowledgments viii Forew
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Control of disease vectors: a curre
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Foreword From their first appearanc
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PART! EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE POI
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Although pesticides are used both i
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Table 1. Introduction of pesticides
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problem. The International Developm
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impact of pesticides on Canadian wi
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investigated further. For example,
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Conclusions The subject of this vol
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Jusoh Mamat, M.; Anas, A.N.; Heong,
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Health-risk assessment of pesticide
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especially in the absence of comple
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depends largely on external factors
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Specific situations may require spe
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that the best possible work is done
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doses (chronic poisoning) or delaye
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Table 1. Poisoning incidents in fou
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Pesticide research for public healt
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Current pest control practices in T
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800- 400- 200 - 1980 1981 1982 1983
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designed 30-40 years ago (Jusoh Mam
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and tore easily. One investigation
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education, mass-communication tools
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Increase and improve training activ
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Castaneda, C.P. 1988. Pesticide poi
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Ooi, A.C.P.; Heong, K.L.; Lim, B.K.
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Investigations into acute pyrethroi
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Level of exposure To assess the lev
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Table 2. Cases of acute pyrethroid
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(in 121 subjects), usually develope
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Deltamethrin was detectable in the
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pyrethroid poisoning. Therefore, th
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Gilliatt, R.W.; Willison, R.G. 1963
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Table 1. Value of imported pesticid
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Study two Twelve farmers participat
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All activities Left hand (73.2) Lef
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Acknowledgment- The three studies r
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Since the creation of Pakistan in 1
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Table 1. Incidents of pesticide poi
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Sandu, S.S.; Waters, M.D.; Simmon,
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and chlordane. Pest resistance to t
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young workers was 15.8%, 6.8%, and
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Storage of pesticides Although the
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Discussion The lowland regions and
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Pulmonary obstructive disease in a
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To investigate the presence and mea
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Age (years) Table 1. Distribution o
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was among paraquat users who smoked
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Levin, P.J.; Klaff, L.J.; Rose, A.G
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the delta. The total population of
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The successive and simultaneous rel
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on clinical studies and laboratory
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This made the collection of blood s
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Table 1. Relation between informati
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analysis, and engaging in various t
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Table 1. Value (million KSH) of pes
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To develop a health-education packa
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Storage site Table 3. Storage of ag
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Table 5. Causes of agrochemical and
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Methods A pilot field survey was un
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Conclusion The practices followed b
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manufactured or formulated locally,
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However, based on individual compla
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Table 4. Acetylcholinesterase activ
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Age did not appear to be an importa
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eactions to the pesticides in occup
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Bowers, M,B.; Goodman, E.; Sim, V.M
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Extent of exposure of farm workers
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Group III consisted of 31 farmers w
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25 - 0 Level of exposure J Group 1,
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Pesticides were stored everywhere c
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Table 2. Concluded. Question Answer
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PART II RELATING PESTICIDE DEVELOPM
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Toxicity Table 1. Requirements and
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Screening Process development Route
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Progress in improving safety Pestic
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type of formulation, and warning pr
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The pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is mo
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Studying the effects of pesticides
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of the risk is a quantitative issue
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egistry could be linked to the lice
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poisoned through mishandling of an
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no documented incident could be fou
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Region Table 3. Use of using pictog
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of fluorinated HDPE because fluorin
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Current initiatives, at the interna
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inding within their jurisdictions.
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Benefits of a hazard auditor From t
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different agencies take to be permi
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industry and of its serving to legi
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Anonymous. 1988a. FAO code of condu
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(Adam 1976; Fraser and Burrill 1979
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in the lower price categories tend
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Anas, N.; Jusoh Mamat, Md.; Heong,
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Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan
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Materials and methods Assessment of
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At the end of each day's operations
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Table 3. Number of garments chafing
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underlines the need to change attit
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Evaluation and management of pestic
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target and react with some crucial
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scientists on a contractual basis,
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pesticides in developing countries
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Regional information resources for
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Table 2. Number of enquiries receiv
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extent of this problem in developin
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Promoting the safe use of pesticide
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pests) is observed. Thus, the "quic
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is one of principal agencies respon
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Pretesting materials in training an
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of costly medical technologies and
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The agricultural sector has by far
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At the community level, the extent
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Neufeld, V. 1989. Community-based m
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Outline for learning module using o
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WHO (World Health Organization). 19
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In the past decade, tremendous effo
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Jiang-Su province Results and discu
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As a result of deregulation, the nu
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Table 3. Proportion of workers usin
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Shih, J.H.; Wu, Z.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.;
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Pesticides and wildlife: a short gu
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Using target-specific products mini
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specifications. Other data are asse
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Formulation-specific concerns The e
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mirex, and chiordecone have been ba
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1984). The base for pesticide granu
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e more stringently reviewed. In Can
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For example, searching for carcasse
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overlooked. In developing countries
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Establish monitoring programs to de
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Grue, C.E.; Fleming, W.J.; Busby, D
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Schafer, E.W., Jr; Brunton, R.B. 19
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Table 1. Prevalence and distributio
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By 1980, resistance to at least one
Page 279 and 280: tries. Japanese encephalitis has be
Page 281 and 282: to the targeted larvae of mosquitoe
Page 283 and 284: The role of the community Many prob
Page 285 and 286: from locally available sacking mate
Page 287 and 288: services. The project also includes
Page 289 and 290: Maxwell, C.A.; Curtis, C.F.; Haji,
Page 291 and 292: Botanical pesticides: optimizing pe
Page 293 and 294: neurotoxin but a cytotoxin, cross-r
Page 295 and 296: MoDuscicide- and pesticide-developm
Page 297 and 298: A development plan has been identif
Page 299 and 300: and environmental effects must be d
Page 301 and 302: Devitt, B.D.; Philogène, B.J.R.; H
Page 303 and 304: Endod, a potential natural pesticid
Page 305 and 306: University in Ottawa, and in other
Page 307 and 308: in the field (Lugt 1981), 137 500 m
Page 309 and 310: Hutchinson, J.; Dalziel, J.M. 1929.
Page 311 and 312: Community participation, including
Page 313 and 314: Acknowledgment- This research has b
Page 315 and 316: multiplication. The high temperatur
Page 317 and 318: Because pesticides are required in
Page 319 and 320: Africa and now East Africa. The suc
Page 321 and 322: Integrated pest management 1PM may
Page 323 and 324: to risk crop damage. Close involvem
Page 325 and 326: Ramos-Ocampo, V.E.; Magallona, E.D.
Page 327 and 328: esidues on fresh and cooked vegetab
Page 329: Grassy strip 108 N Farmer's Experim
Page 333 and 334: Table 3. Cost (PHP) of pest managem
Page 335 and 336: in the field. These pests were the
Page 337 and 338: PART V APPENDICES
Page 339 and 340: Ravindra Fernando, National Poisons
Page 341 and 342: Frank White, Pan-American Health Or
Page 343 and 344: ECHO abdominal ultrasonograph EEG e
Page 345 and 346: URT upper respiratory tract USAID U
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