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occurs, the results can be severe, e.g., in Asia recently with rice blast and brown plant hopper on rice. Much of IDRC's support over the past 17 years has been in the field of crop breeding, including resistance to pests and disease. IDRC support has often been directed toward minor crops, such as food legumes, root crops (cassava and sweet potato), oil seeds, and bananas and plantains. In some cases, IDRC has promoted germ-plasm exchange to increase genetic diversity and make resistant material available. Some of the germ plasm of bananas and plantains from Southeast Asia (Philippines and New Guinea) is resistant to the leaf diseases devastating smaliholders in Latin America and Africa. However, because of the presence of viruses in Southeast Asia, it has not been possible to exchange material. Research has, therefore, focused on identifying viruses, developing screening techniques including monoclonal antibodies, and perfecting tissue-culture techniques to enable virus indexing and clean-up necessary for the exchange of banana genetic material. A survey of IDRC crop-breeding projects in China, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand has just been completed to assess the use of pesticides and the approach to breeding in these areas. Some project teams are selecting for horizontal resistance and tolerance rather than resistance. However, their use of chemical pesticides was much higher than among local farmers. Although safety precautions and level of training of people applying pesticides was inadequate, follow-up training is planned. Other alternatives are now receiving considerable attention from researchers and are starting to have an effect in farmers' fields. They include integrated pest management (1PM) and biocontrol. These are the areas in which IDRC has been, and continues to be, heavily involved. Classic biocontrol Coffee berry borer Hypothenemus ham pei, a pest of African origin, is now a problem in Ecuador and Mexico. Commercial coffee has little resistance. Parasites of this pest have been collected in Kenya and Togo, reared in quarantine, then sent to Latin America. One parasite is now established in Ecuador (Cephalonomia stephanoderis) and two populations of Prorops nasuta from east and west Africa are being tested to see if they can exert control over a wide geographic range. Cassava green mite Monongchellus tanajoa was accidentally introduced into Africa from South America in 1971 and significantly reduced cassava yields. Since 1974, IDRC has supported control efforts. Natural enemies were surveyed, tested in field conditions in Trinidad, reared in the United Kingdom under quarantine, evaluated in field conditions in Africa, and mass-released throughout West 307
Africa and now East Africa. The success in West Africa is touted as one of the untold stories of biocontrol. Leucaena psyllid Leucaena leucocephala, a tree much used in agroforestry for fodder, fuel, green manure, and soil conservation in Asia has been decimated by the psyllid, Heterapsyfla cubana, which moved from Latin America through Florida, Hawaii, the Pacific Islands, Australia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, finally reaching India and Sri Lanka through aircraft and high altitude currents from 1983 to 1988. Two parasitoids and a generalized cochinellid are being evaluated for use against this pest. Some have been introduced unofficially into Southeast Asia without appropriate quarantine. There is some concern over the possibility of introducing a damaging fungus and that the generalized predator may interfere with a weed-control program on mimosa. This has raised the issue of "prior informed consent" (PLC) and governments and quarantine authorities are aware of risks and potential conflicts of interest. Personnel on these projects work closely with the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control (CIBC). Its role has been to assist in the survey for potential controls, taxonomy, determination of efficacy, rearing methods, and thirdcountry quarantine. Inundative releases China has used Trichogramma wasps, which are egg parasites of many pests. Tr-ichogramtna dendrolimi and T. chilonis have been used successfully to control sugarcane borers in southern China. The estimated cost of biocontrol is 16.50 USD/ha, about 10% of the cost of the previously used chemical control. Moreover, control is better and health problems are much reduced. Trichogramma has also been used for control of Asian corn borer on 13 000 ha of Beijing watershed that were formerly sprayed with DDT. IDRC support in China has helped to develop rearing techniques for large and small eggs and artificial rearing, to carry out ecological studies on other species, and to expand the use of these methods to other crop pests. A book in Chinese and English summarizing the Chinese experience is in preparation and training is planned for 1992. This project involves the collaboration of researchers at Guelph University, who are carrying out research on rearing, storage, and pheromones and assisting in training. Microbial control In India, a survey of local microspodia (Nosema sp.) has been completed; the organism has been cultured and shown to be effective against grasshopper 308
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Impact of pesticide use on health i
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IMPACT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HEALTH I
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©International Development Researc
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Contents Acknowledgments viii Forew
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Control of disease vectors: a curre
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Foreword From their first appearanc
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PART! EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE POI
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Although pesticides are used both i
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Table 1. Introduction of pesticides
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problem. The International Developm
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impact of pesticides on Canadian wi
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investigated further. For example,
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Conclusions The subject of this vol
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Jusoh Mamat, M.; Anas, A.N.; Heong,
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Health-risk assessment of pesticide
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especially in the absence of comple
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depends largely on external factors
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Specific situations may require spe
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that the best possible work is done
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doses (chronic poisoning) or delaye
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Table 1. Poisoning incidents in fou
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Pesticide research for public healt
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Current pest control practices in T
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800- 400- 200 - 1980 1981 1982 1983
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designed 30-40 years ago (Jusoh Mam
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and tore easily. One investigation
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education, mass-communication tools
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Increase and improve training activ
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Castaneda, C.P. 1988. Pesticide poi
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Ooi, A.C.P.; Heong, K.L.; Lim, B.K.
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Investigations into acute pyrethroi
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Level of exposure To assess the lev
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Table 2. Cases of acute pyrethroid
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(in 121 subjects), usually develope
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Deltamethrin was detectable in the
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pyrethroid poisoning. Therefore, th
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Gilliatt, R.W.; Willison, R.G. 1963
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Table 1. Value of imported pesticid
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Study two Twelve farmers participat
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All activities Left hand (73.2) Lef
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Acknowledgment- The three studies r
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Since the creation of Pakistan in 1
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Table 1. Incidents of pesticide poi
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Sandu, S.S.; Waters, M.D.; Simmon,
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and chlordane. Pest resistance to t
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young workers was 15.8%, 6.8%, and
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Storage of pesticides Although the
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Discussion The lowland regions and
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Pulmonary obstructive disease in a
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To investigate the presence and mea
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Age (years) Table 1. Distribution o
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was among paraquat users who smoked
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Levin, P.J.; Klaff, L.J.; Rose, A.G
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the delta. The total population of
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The successive and simultaneous rel
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on clinical studies and laboratory
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This made the collection of blood s
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Table 1. Relation between informati
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analysis, and engaging in various t
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Table 1. Value (million KSH) of pes
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To develop a health-education packa
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Storage site Table 3. Storage of ag
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Table 5. Causes of agrochemical and
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Methods A pilot field survey was un
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Conclusion The practices followed b
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manufactured or formulated locally,
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However, based on individual compla
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Table 4. Acetylcholinesterase activ
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Age did not appear to be an importa
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eactions to the pesticides in occup
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Bowers, M,B.; Goodman, E.; Sim, V.M
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Extent of exposure of farm workers
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Group III consisted of 31 farmers w
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25 - 0 Level of exposure J Group 1,
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Pesticides were stored everywhere c
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Table 2. Concluded. Question Answer
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PART II RELATING PESTICIDE DEVELOPM
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Toxicity Table 1. Requirements and
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Screening Process development Route
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Progress in improving safety Pestic
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type of formulation, and warning pr
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The pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is mo
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Studying the effects of pesticides
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of the risk is a quantitative issue
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egistry could be linked to the lice
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poisoned through mishandling of an
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no documented incident could be fou
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Region Table 3. Use of using pictog
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of fluorinated HDPE because fluorin
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Current initiatives, at the interna
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inding within their jurisdictions.
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Benefits of a hazard auditor From t
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different agencies take to be permi
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industry and of its serving to legi
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Anonymous. 1988a. FAO code of condu
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(Adam 1976; Fraser and Burrill 1979
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in the lower price categories tend
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Anas, N.; Jusoh Mamat, Md.; Heong,
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Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan
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Materials and methods Assessment of
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At the end of each day's operations
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Table 3. Number of garments chafing
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underlines the need to change attit
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Evaluation and management of pestic
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target and react with some crucial
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scientists on a contractual basis,
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pesticides in developing countries
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Regional information resources for
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Table 2. Number of enquiries receiv
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extent of this problem in developin
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Promoting the safe use of pesticide
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pests) is observed. Thus, the "quic
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is one of principal agencies respon
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Pretesting materials in training an
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of costly medical technologies and
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The agricultural sector has by far
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At the community level, the extent
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Neufeld, V. 1989. Community-based m
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Outline for learning module using o
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WHO (World Health Organization). 19
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In the past decade, tremendous effo
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Jiang-Su province Results and discu
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As a result of deregulation, the nu
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Table 3. Proportion of workers usin
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Shih, J.H.; Wu, Z.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.;
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Pesticides and wildlife: a short gu
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Using target-specific products mini
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specifications. Other data are asse
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Formulation-specific concerns The e
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mirex, and chiordecone have been ba
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1984). The base for pesticide granu
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e more stringently reviewed. In Can
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For example, searching for carcasse
Page 267 and 268: overlooked. In developing countries
Page 269 and 270: Establish monitoring programs to de
Page 271 and 272: Grue, C.E.; Fleming, W.J.; Busby, D
Page 273 and 274: Schafer, E.W., Jr; Brunton, R.B. 19
Page 275 and 276: Table 1. Prevalence and distributio
Page 277 and 278: By 1980, resistance to at least one
Page 279 and 280: tries. Japanese encephalitis has be
Page 281 and 282: to the targeted larvae of mosquitoe
Page 283 and 284: The role of the community Many prob
Page 285 and 286: from locally available sacking mate
Page 287 and 288: services. The project also includes
Page 289 and 290: Maxwell, C.A.; Curtis, C.F.; Haji,
Page 291 and 292: Botanical pesticides: optimizing pe
Page 293 and 294: neurotoxin but a cytotoxin, cross-r
Page 295 and 296: MoDuscicide- and pesticide-developm
Page 297 and 298: A development plan has been identif
Page 299 and 300: and environmental effects must be d
Page 301 and 302: Devitt, B.D.; Philogène, B.J.R.; H
Page 303 and 304: Endod, a potential natural pesticid
Page 305 and 306: University in Ottawa, and in other
Page 307 and 308: in the field (Lugt 1981), 137 500 m
Page 309 and 310: Hutchinson, J.; Dalziel, J.M. 1929.
Page 311 and 312: Community participation, including
Page 313 and 314: Acknowledgment- This research has b
Page 315 and 316: multiplication. The high temperatur
Page 317: Because pesticides are required in
Page 321 and 322: Integrated pest management 1PM may
Page 323 and 324: to risk crop damage. Close involvem
Page 325 and 326: Ramos-Ocampo, V.E.; Magallona, E.D.
Page 327 and 328: esidues on fresh and cooked vegetab
Page 329 and 330: Grassy strip 108 N Farmer's Experim
Page 331 and 332: Table 1. Description and efficiency
Page 333 and 334: Table 3. Cost (PHP) of pest managem
Page 335 and 336: in the field. These pests were the
Page 337 and 338: PART V APPENDICES
Page 339 and 340: Ravindra Fernando, National Poisons
Page 341 and 342: Frank White, Pan-American Health Or
Page 343 and 344: ECHO abdominal ultrasonograph EEG e
Page 345 and 346: URT upper respiratory tract USAID U
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