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Improving pesticide regulation in the Third World: the role of an independent hazard auditor M.E. Loevinsohn Consultant in Applied Ecology, Butare, Rwanda Central to the environmental and health hazards created by the expanding use of pesticides in developing countries is the weakness of national regulatory agencies. International efforts to support these institutions include the establishment of a Hazard Audit Organization to assess the pesticide industry's adherence to accepted standards of health and environmental protection. An independent evaluation liy a hazard auditor may be attractive to all parties in the long-standing confrontation over the control of pesticide technology: the industry, public interest groups, developing and developed countries, and international agencies. One approach to implementing the concept is proposed and initial responses to the proposal are reported. The papers presented at this symposium join a growing body of evidence of the effect on human health and the environment caused by the rapid increase in pesticide use in developing countries. Chemicals of sometimes extreme human or environmental toxicity are transported, stored, used, and discarded in ways that expose people and other nontarget organisms to significant hazard. The urgent need for effective regulation of these hazards, however, contrasts starkly with national capacity, which is limited in much of the Third World. More than 50% of developing countries have no legislation enabling government to regulate the marketing of pesticides or limit their availability to particular areas or users; in Africa, the proportion is 76% (FAO 1989). Even where adequate legislation exists, regulatory agencies are often unable to assess pesticide hazards in light of local conditions or to enforce the decisions they reach, because of a lack of qualified personnel, inadequate resources, or interference. 166
Current initiatives, at the international level, aimed at improving this state of affairs are discussed in this paper. A novel approach, the concept of a "pesticide hazards auditor," who would build upon and supplement these initiatives has been promoted over the last year with support from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC). Initial reactions to this proposal from developing and developed countries, international agencies, the pesticide industry, and consumer, environmental, and labour groups are described. International initiatives Technical assistance and information exchange A number of bilateral and multilateral aid organizations have launched programs aimed at increasing the skills and resources available to pesticide regulatory agencies in developing countries. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP), the World Health Organization (WHO), the US Agency for International Development (USAID), and Germany's Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), among others, are providing training, analytical equipment, information systems, continuing support in the evaluation of risks and benefits, and advice on legislative reform. In several cases, as in FAO's programs in the Far East and Africa, this assistance is organized on a regional basis. The task, however, is immense; fewer than one-quarter of developing countries claim to have received any technical assistance (FAO 1989). A major cause of concern is the international trade in highly toxic pesticides, particularly the export to developing countries of products banned or severely restricted in the country of manufacture. The USA, UK, and the European Community have instituted schemes to notify importing countries of shipments of unregistered or severely restricted pesticides. In practice, notifications are often received well after the pesticides have arrived and do little to enable importing countries to control hazardous imports (Pallemaerts 1988). Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), with support from many developing countries, have mounted a determined lobbying effort within the governing councils of FAO and UNEP in favour of more restrictive schemes based on the principle of "prior informed consent" (PlC), whereby a designated authority in the importing country must explicitly agree to the import before it can take place (Anon. 1990a). Late in 1989, both organizations adopted complementary PlC procedures, after first refusing to do so. The Commission of the European Community is currently considering a draft directive that would incorporate PlC into European law (T. Casey, Consultant to the Directorate- General for the Environment, Commission of the European Community, June 1990, personal communication) and the proposed Pesticide Export Reform Act would do the same in the USA (Anon. 1990b). 167
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Impact of pesticide use on health i
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IMPACT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HEALTH I
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©International Development Researc
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Contents Acknowledgments viii Forew
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Control of disease vectors: a curre
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Foreword From their first appearanc
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PART! EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE POI
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Although pesticides are used both i
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Table 1. Introduction of pesticides
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problem. The International Developm
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impact of pesticides on Canadian wi
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investigated further. For example,
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Conclusions The subject of this vol
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Jusoh Mamat, M.; Anas, A.N.; Heong,
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Health-risk assessment of pesticide
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especially in the absence of comple
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depends largely on external factors
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Specific situations may require spe
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that the best possible work is done
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doses (chronic poisoning) or delaye
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Table 1. Poisoning incidents in fou
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Pesticide research for public healt
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Current pest control practices in T
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800- 400- 200 - 1980 1981 1982 1983
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designed 30-40 years ago (Jusoh Mam
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and tore easily. One investigation
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education, mass-communication tools
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Increase and improve training activ
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Castaneda, C.P. 1988. Pesticide poi
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Ooi, A.C.P.; Heong, K.L.; Lim, B.K.
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Investigations into acute pyrethroi
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Level of exposure To assess the lev
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Table 2. Cases of acute pyrethroid
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(in 121 subjects), usually develope
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Deltamethrin was detectable in the
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pyrethroid poisoning. Therefore, th
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Gilliatt, R.W.; Willison, R.G. 1963
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Table 1. Value of imported pesticid
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Study two Twelve farmers participat
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All activities Left hand (73.2) Lef
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Acknowledgment- The three studies r
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Since the creation of Pakistan in 1
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Table 1. Incidents of pesticide poi
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Sandu, S.S.; Waters, M.D.; Simmon,
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and chlordane. Pest resistance to t
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young workers was 15.8%, 6.8%, and
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Storage of pesticides Although the
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Discussion The lowland regions and
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Pulmonary obstructive disease in a
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To investigate the presence and mea
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Age (years) Table 1. Distribution o
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was among paraquat users who smoked
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Levin, P.J.; Klaff, L.J.; Rose, A.G
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the delta. The total population of
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The successive and simultaneous rel
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on clinical studies and laboratory
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This made the collection of blood s
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Table 1. Relation between informati
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analysis, and engaging in various t
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Table 1. Value (million KSH) of pes
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To develop a health-education packa
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Storage site Table 3. Storage of ag
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Table 5. Causes of agrochemical and
Page 127 and 128: Methods A pilot field survey was un
Page 129 and 130: Conclusion The practices followed b
Page 131 and 132: manufactured or formulated locally,
Page 133 and 134: However, based on individual compla
Page 135 and 136: Table 4. Acetylcholinesterase activ
Page 137 and 138: Age did not appear to be an importa
Page 139 and 140: eactions to the pesticides in occup
Page 141 and 142: Bowers, M,B.; Goodman, E.; Sim, V.M
Page 143 and 144: Extent of exposure of farm workers
Page 145 and 146: Group III consisted of 31 farmers w
Page 147 and 148: 25 - 0 Level of exposure J Group 1,
Page 149 and 150: Pesticides were stored everywhere c
Page 151 and 152: Table 2. Concluded. Question Answer
Page 153 and 154: PART II RELATING PESTICIDE DEVELOPM
Page 155 and 156: Toxicity Table 1. Requirements and
Page 157 and 158: Screening Process development Route
Page 159 and 160: Progress in improving safety Pestic
Page 161 and 162: type of formulation, and warning pr
Page 163 and 164: The pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is mo
Page 165 and 166: Studying the effects of pesticides
Page 167 and 168: of the risk is a quantitative issue
Page 169 and 170: egistry could be linked to the lice
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Page 173 and 174: no documented incident could be fou
Page 175 and 176: Region Table 3. Use of using pictog
Page 177: of fluorinated HDPE because fluorin
Page 181 and 182: inding within their jurisdictions.
Page 183 and 184: Benefits of a hazard auditor From t
Page 185 and 186: different agencies take to be permi
Page 187 and 188: industry and of its serving to legi
Page 189 and 190: Anonymous. 1988a. FAO code of condu
Page 191 and 192: (Adam 1976; Fraser and Burrill 1979
Page 193 and 194: in the lower price categories tend
Page 195 and 196: Anas, N.; Jusoh Mamat, Md.; Heong,
Page 197 and 198: Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan
Page 199 and 200: Materials and methods Assessment of
Page 201 and 202: At the end of each day's operations
Page 203 and 204: Table 3. Number of garments chafing
Page 205 and 206: underlines the need to change attit
Page 207 and 208: Evaluation and management of pestic
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Page 215 and 216: Regional information resources for
Page 217 and 218: Table 2. Number of enquiries receiv
Page 219 and 220: extent of this problem in developin
Page 221 and 222: Promoting the safe use of pesticide
Page 223 and 224: pests) is observed. Thus, the "quic
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Page 227 and 228: Pretesting materials in training an
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of costly medical technologies and
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The agricultural sector has by far
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At the community level, the extent
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Neufeld, V. 1989. Community-based m
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Outline for learning module using o
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WHO (World Health Organization). 19
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In the past decade, tremendous effo
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Jiang-Su province Results and discu
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As a result of deregulation, the nu
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Table 3. Proportion of workers usin
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Shih, J.H.; Wu, Z.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.;
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Pesticides and wildlife: a short gu
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Using target-specific products mini
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specifications. Other data are asse
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Formulation-specific concerns The e
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mirex, and chiordecone have been ba
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1984). The base for pesticide granu
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e more stringently reviewed. In Can
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For example, searching for carcasse
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overlooked. In developing countries
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Establish monitoring programs to de
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Grue, C.E.; Fleming, W.J.; Busby, D
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Schafer, E.W., Jr; Brunton, R.B. 19
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Table 1. Prevalence and distributio
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By 1980, resistance to at least one
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tries. Japanese encephalitis has be
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to the targeted larvae of mosquitoe
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The role of the community Many prob
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from locally available sacking mate
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services. The project also includes
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Maxwell, C.A.; Curtis, C.F.; Haji,
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Botanical pesticides: optimizing pe
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neurotoxin but a cytotoxin, cross-r
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MoDuscicide- and pesticide-developm
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A development plan has been identif
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and environmental effects must be d
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Devitt, B.D.; Philogène, B.J.R.; H
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Endod, a potential natural pesticid
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University in Ottawa, and in other
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in the field (Lugt 1981), 137 500 m
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Hutchinson, J.; Dalziel, J.M. 1929.
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Community participation, including
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Acknowledgment- This research has b
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multiplication. The high temperatur
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Because pesticides are required in
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Africa and now East Africa. The suc
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Integrated pest management 1PM may
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to risk crop damage. Close involvem
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Ramos-Ocampo, V.E.; Magallona, E.D.
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esidues on fresh and cooked vegetab
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Grassy strip 108 N Farmer's Experim
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Table 1. Description and efficiency
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Table 3. Cost (PHP) of pest managem
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in the field. These pests were the
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PART V APPENDICES
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Ravindra Fernando, National Poisons
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Frank White, Pan-American Health Or
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ECHO abdominal ultrasonograph EEG e
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URT upper respiratory tract USAID U
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