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Alternative methods for pest management in vegetable crops in Calamba, Philippines P.R. Hagerman Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada The results of preliminary investigations to find a nonchemical control method for eggplant pests are reported. Two biological control agents (the wasp Trichogramma chilonis and the earwig Euborellia annulata) and two cultural control methods (manual and trapping) were compared with insecticide-treated and control (untreated) plots in an experimental field. Although crop damage was lower in all treated plots, the untreated control plots produced higher yields. The crop in the experimental field was compared to that in an adjacent pesticide-treated farmer's field. The yield from the experimental field was slightly lower (4%), but resulted in higher net income (24%) than the farmer's field. Recommendations for integrated pest management based on these experiments are now being tested by farmers and are leading to more profitable farming with lower humanhealth risks and lower environmental impact. Since the 1960s, pesticides have been the primary tool used by Filipino vegetable farmers to combat insect pests (UPLB 1990). Pesticides are frequently applied at higher-than-recommended doses and at shorter-thanrecommended intervals. Yet even these treatments are not always effective in controlling insect pests, suggesting that some insects may have developed resistance to certain pesticides. Because many Filipino farmers have experienced health problems after spraying pesticides, the practice of hiring casual labourers to spray fields is common. However, this and the other cots associated with the use of pesticides substantially reduce the net income of farmers. Moreover, regardless of who applies the pesticides, farm families still risk exposure through contamination of food and drinking water (shallow wells for domestic use are often located at the edge of vegetable fields). Studies have found high levels of pesticide 315
esidues on fresh and cooked vegetables, indicating that consumers are also exposed (UPLB 1990). In the town of Calamba, situated in the lowlands of Laguna Province, Philippines, vegetables (tomato, eggplant, string beans, and cucurbits) are grown for market and local consumption. In response to requests from farmers, research into integrated pest management (1PM) strategies has been carried out on several farms. The research described here was carried out on eggplants, but the approach is applicable to pest management in other crops. The most serious pest in the cultivation of eggplant is the eggplant shoot borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée (Pyralidae), which kills young shoots and bores into fruit rendering it unmarketable. Although recorded in the Philippines as early as 1948 (Capps 1948), Leucinodes achieved pest status only in the 1970s. Its outbreak at that time may have been sparked by environmental changes resulting from increased pesticide use (Navasero 1983). Today, Filipino farmers rely almost exclusively on pesticides to control the eggplant shoot borer, which can damage 20-92% of a crop (Esguerra and Barroga 1982; Saavedra 1987). Minor damage to eggplants is also caused by mites, cutworms, leaf hoppers, scarab beetles, aphids, and mealybugs. In the dry season, thrips (Thrips palmi) can cause loss of vigour, leaf yellowing, and eventual defoliation by sucking plant juices. A complicating factor is that pesticides used on shoot borer can actually increase the population of thrips (E.N. Bernardo, University of the Philippines, Los Baños, Philippines, personal communication). Generally, plant diseases have not been a problem for eggplant farmers and weeds are controlled by hand. Farmers occasionally clear damaged fruit and shoots to reduce the population of Leucinodes in the field. Although, Saavedra (1987) has suggested such manual "cleaning" as a control method, to date there has been no thorough assessment of its efficacy. An 1PM strategy for eggplant cultivation must concentrate on insect control methods that do not cause an increase in the number of weeds or diseases. Because thrips causes only minor damage in the absence of insecticides, an inexpensive, nonchemical control package for Leucinodes formed the focus for this research study. Several nonchemical alternatives for the control of Leucinodes have been proposed. For example, Trichograrnma chilonis wasps, which are egg parasites, have proved to be effective biological control agents of many pests. Baltazar (1989) recommended regular releases of T. chilonis for control of shoot borer. Navasero (1983) identified earwigs as a promising predator of larval Leucinodes. Similarly, Javier (1989) showed that the earwig Euborellia annulata was an effective biological control agent for another pyralid, the Asian corn borer. Both Euborellia and Trichogramma attack only one stage of a pest's life cycle; thus, employing them in a control strategy requires detailed knowledge of the 316
Page 1 and 2:
Impact of pesticide use on health i
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IMPACT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HEALTH I
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©International Development Researc
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Contents Acknowledgments viii Forew
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Control of disease vectors: a curre
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Foreword From their first appearanc
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PART! EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE POI
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Although pesticides are used both i
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Table 1. Introduction of pesticides
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problem. The International Developm
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impact of pesticides on Canadian wi
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investigated further. For example,
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Conclusions The subject of this vol
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Jusoh Mamat, M.; Anas, A.N.; Heong,
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Health-risk assessment of pesticide
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especially in the absence of comple
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depends largely on external factors
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Specific situations may require spe
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that the best possible work is done
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doses (chronic poisoning) or delaye
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Table 1. Poisoning incidents in fou
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Pesticide research for public healt
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Current pest control practices in T
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800- 400- 200 - 1980 1981 1982 1983
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designed 30-40 years ago (Jusoh Mam
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and tore easily. One investigation
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education, mass-communication tools
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Increase and improve training activ
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Castaneda, C.P. 1988. Pesticide poi
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Ooi, A.C.P.; Heong, K.L.; Lim, B.K.
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Investigations into acute pyrethroi
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Level of exposure To assess the lev
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Table 2. Cases of acute pyrethroid
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(in 121 subjects), usually develope
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Deltamethrin was detectable in the
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pyrethroid poisoning. Therefore, th
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Gilliatt, R.W.; Willison, R.G. 1963
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Table 1. Value of imported pesticid
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Study two Twelve farmers participat
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All activities Left hand (73.2) Lef
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Acknowledgment- The three studies r
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Since the creation of Pakistan in 1
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Table 1. Incidents of pesticide poi
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Sandu, S.S.; Waters, M.D.; Simmon,
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and chlordane. Pest resistance to t
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young workers was 15.8%, 6.8%, and
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Storage of pesticides Although the
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Discussion The lowland regions and
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Pulmonary obstructive disease in a
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To investigate the presence and mea
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Age (years) Table 1. Distribution o
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was among paraquat users who smoked
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Levin, P.J.; Klaff, L.J.; Rose, A.G
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the delta. The total population of
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The successive and simultaneous rel
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on clinical studies and laboratory
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This made the collection of blood s
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Table 1. Relation between informati
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analysis, and engaging in various t
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Table 1. Value (million KSH) of pes
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To develop a health-education packa
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Storage site Table 3. Storage of ag
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Table 5. Causes of agrochemical and
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Methods A pilot field survey was un
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Conclusion The practices followed b
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manufactured or formulated locally,
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However, based on individual compla
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Table 4. Acetylcholinesterase activ
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Age did not appear to be an importa
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eactions to the pesticides in occup
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Bowers, M,B.; Goodman, E.; Sim, V.M
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Extent of exposure of farm workers
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Group III consisted of 31 farmers w
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25 - 0 Level of exposure J Group 1,
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Pesticides were stored everywhere c
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Table 2. Concluded. Question Answer
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PART II RELATING PESTICIDE DEVELOPM
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Toxicity Table 1. Requirements and
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Screening Process development Route
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Progress in improving safety Pestic
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type of formulation, and warning pr
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The pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is mo
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Studying the effects of pesticides
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of the risk is a quantitative issue
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egistry could be linked to the lice
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poisoned through mishandling of an
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no documented incident could be fou
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Region Table 3. Use of using pictog
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of fluorinated HDPE because fluorin
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Current initiatives, at the interna
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inding within their jurisdictions.
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Benefits of a hazard auditor From t
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different agencies take to be permi
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industry and of its serving to legi
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Anonymous. 1988a. FAO code of condu
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(Adam 1976; Fraser and Burrill 1979
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in the lower price categories tend
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Anas, N.; Jusoh Mamat, Md.; Heong,
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Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan
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Materials and methods Assessment of
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At the end of each day's operations
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Table 3. Number of garments chafing
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underlines the need to change attit
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Evaluation and management of pestic
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target and react with some crucial
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scientists on a contractual basis,
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pesticides in developing countries
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Regional information resources for
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Table 2. Number of enquiries receiv
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extent of this problem in developin
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Promoting the safe use of pesticide
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pests) is observed. Thus, the "quic
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is one of principal agencies respon
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Pretesting materials in training an
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of costly medical technologies and
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The agricultural sector has by far
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At the community level, the extent
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Neufeld, V. 1989. Community-based m
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Outline for learning module using o
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WHO (World Health Organization). 19
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In the past decade, tremendous effo
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Jiang-Su province Results and discu
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As a result of deregulation, the nu
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Table 3. Proportion of workers usin
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Shih, J.H.; Wu, Z.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.;
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Pesticides and wildlife: a short gu
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Using target-specific products mini
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specifications. Other data are asse
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Formulation-specific concerns The e
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mirex, and chiordecone have been ba
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1984). The base for pesticide granu
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e more stringently reviewed. In Can
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For example, searching for carcasse
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overlooked. In developing countries
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Establish monitoring programs to de
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Grue, C.E.; Fleming, W.J.; Busby, D
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Schafer, E.W., Jr; Brunton, R.B. 19
Page 275 and 276: Table 1. Prevalence and distributio
Page 277 and 278: By 1980, resistance to at least one
Page 279 and 280: tries. Japanese encephalitis has be
Page 281 and 282: to the targeted larvae of mosquitoe
Page 283 and 284: The role of the community Many prob
Page 285 and 286: from locally available sacking mate
Page 287 and 288: services. The project also includes
Page 289 and 290: Maxwell, C.A.; Curtis, C.F.; Haji,
Page 291 and 292: Botanical pesticides: optimizing pe
Page 293 and 294: neurotoxin but a cytotoxin, cross-r
Page 295 and 296: MoDuscicide- and pesticide-developm
Page 297 and 298: A development plan has been identif
Page 299 and 300: and environmental effects must be d
Page 301 and 302: Devitt, B.D.; Philogène, B.J.R.; H
Page 303 and 304: Endod, a potential natural pesticid
Page 305 and 306: University in Ottawa, and in other
Page 307 and 308: in the field (Lugt 1981), 137 500 m
Page 309 and 310: Hutchinson, J.; Dalziel, J.M. 1929.
Page 311 and 312: Community participation, including
Page 313 and 314: Acknowledgment- This research has b
Page 315 and 316: multiplication. The high temperatur
Page 317 and 318: Because pesticides are required in
Page 319 and 320: Africa and now East Africa. The suc
Page 321 and 322: Integrated pest management 1PM may
Page 323 and 324: to risk crop damage. Close involvem
Page 325: Ramos-Ocampo, V.E.; Magallona, E.D.
Page 329 and 330: Grassy strip 108 N Farmer's Experim
Page 331 and 332: Table 1. Description and efficiency
Page 333 and 334: Table 3. Cost (PHP) of pest managem
Page 335 and 336: in the field. These pests were the
Page 337 and 338: PART V APPENDICES
Page 339 and 340: Ravindra Fernando, National Poisons
Page 341 and 342: Frank White, Pan-American Health Or
Page 343 and 344: ECHO abdominal ultrasonograph EEG e
Page 345 and 346: URT upper respiratory tract USAID U
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