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800 - 700 - 600 - 500 - 400 - 300 - 200 - 100 - 0 i Farmer's field Experimental I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 25 4 11 1825 1 8 15 22 29 6 132027 3 10 17 2430 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Fig. 2. Marketable yield of eggplants from the farmer's field and the experimental field. 25 20 15- 10- 5 Experimental Farmer's field -5 I i I i i t i i i 24 1 8 11 2026 1 7 12 18 26 1 7 12 1723 28 3 9 15 2228 Feb Mar Apr May Jun Fig. 3. Net income from eggplants from the farmer's field and the experimental field. (23 Philippine pesos (PHP) I US dollar (USD).) 323
in the field. These pests were the main cause of lower yields during the dry season in sprayed experimental plots and in the adjacent farmer's field compared with unsprayed plots. The best control for thrips and mites seems to be avoiding the use of insecticides. Light traps and sticky traps used in this study failed to catch any Leuci nodes. This species may not be attracted by visual stimuli, but inadequacy of trap design may be the problem. A pheromone trap with live female bait was most effective for catching adult Leuci nodes. During 41 nonconsecutive nights of trapping, this trap caught an average of 35 males/night, with a peak catch of 282. Adult female Leucinodes are short-lived (2-3 days in a trap) and the tendency toward synchronous populations makes it difficult to rear a continuous supply. An attempt was made to extract the female sex pheromone to prolong its use in the field. Early results indicate that the extracted pheromone is not as attractive as live females, but with better understanding of Leucinodes mating behaviour, pheromone trapping may prove to be useful in controlling this pest. It will at least provide a valuable tool for monitoring purposes. Earwigs were collected from the natural population in the eggplant field. In the dry season, an unidentified species was found in low numbers. In the wet season, Euborellia annulata was abundant. Only E. annulata was found inside eggplant fruit, in an empty Leucinodes tunnel. E. annulata is probably the species that preys on Leucinodes and was the species observed by Navasero (1983). The total yield of class A and B fruit from February to June differed by only 4% between the experimental field and the farmer's field. The yield from the experimental field was higher on most harvest days in the dry season (until mid-May), but the yield from the farmer's field was usually higher in the wet season (Fig. 2). In the dry season, the yield from the farmer's field was reduced and plant growth was stunted by thrips and mites. Because the experimental field plants were taller, they suffered more damage from wind and rain later in the year. Fallen plants were more susceptible to plant pathogens, so marketable yield from the experimental field was reduced. Staking proved to be too labour-intensive and not very effective. Unsprayed eggplants were sold at UPLB nine times between 14 March and 19 April. The price was set 10-50% higher than Los Banos market prices to test whether consumers placed a higher value on pesticide-free produce. Sales were promoted by posters, telephone, and word of mouth. Response was positive, with weekly sales averaging 61 kg; many customers inquired about the availability of other unsprayed vegetables. The costs of spraying and individual treatments (Table 3) were deducted from the gross income generated from the farmer's field and experimental field. With these adjustments, together with the higher prices paid for unsprayed eggplants, the income from the experimental field was 24% higher (Fig. 3): 324
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Impact of pesticide use on health i
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IMPACT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HEALTH I
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©International Development Researc
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Contents Acknowledgments viii Forew
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Control of disease vectors: a curre
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Foreword From their first appearanc
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PART! EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE POI
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Although pesticides are used both i
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Table 1. Introduction of pesticides
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problem. The International Developm
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impact of pesticides on Canadian wi
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investigated further. For example,
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Conclusions The subject of this vol
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Jusoh Mamat, M.; Anas, A.N.; Heong,
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Health-risk assessment of pesticide
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especially in the absence of comple
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depends largely on external factors
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Specific situations may require spe
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that the best possible work is done
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doses (chronic poisoning) or delaye
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Table 1. Poisoning incidents in fou
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Pesticide research for public healt
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Current pest control practices in T
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800- 400- 200 - 1980 1981 1982 1983
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designed 30-40 years ago (Jusoh Mam
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and tore easily. One investigation
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education, mass-communication tools
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Increase and improve training activ
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Castaneda, C.P. 1988. Pesticide poi
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Ooi, A.C.P.; Heong, K.L.; Lim, B.K.
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Investigations into acute pyrethroi
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Level of exposure To assess the lev
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Table 2. Cases of acute pyrethroid
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(in 121 subjects), usually develope
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Deltamethrin was detectable in the
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pyrethroid poisoning. Therefore, th
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Gilliatt, R.W.; Willison, R.G. 1963
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Table 1. Value of imported pesticid
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Study two Twelve farmers participat
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All activities Left hand (73.2) Lef
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Acknowledgment- The three studies r
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Since the creation of Pakistan in 1
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Table 1. Incidents of pesticide poi
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Sandu, S.S.; Waters, M.D.; Simmon,
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and chlordane. Pest resistance to t
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young workers was 15.8%, 6.8%, and
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Storage of pesticides Although the
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Discussion The lowland regions and
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Pulmonary obstructive disease in a
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To investigate the presence and mea
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Age (years) Table 1. Distribution o
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was among paraquat users who smoked
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Levin, P.J.; Klaff, L.J.; Rose, A.G
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the delta. The total population of
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The successive and simultaneous rel
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on clinical studies and laboratory
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This made the collection of blood s
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Table 1. Relation between informati
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analysis, and engaging in various t
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Table 1. Value (million KSH) of pes
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To develop a health-education packa
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Storage site Table 3. Storage of ag
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Table 5. Causes of agrochemical and
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Methods A pilot field survey was un
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Conclusion The practices followed b
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manufactured or formulated locally,
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However, based on individual compla
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Table 4. Acetylcholinesterase activ
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Age did not appear to be an importa
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eactions to the pesticides in occup
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Bowers, M,B.; Goodman, E.; Sim, V.M
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Extent of exposure of farm workers
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Group III consisted of 31 farmers w
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25 - 0 Level of exposure J Group 1,
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Pesticides were stored everywhere c
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Table 2. Concluded. Question Answer
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PART II RELATING PESTICIDE DEVELOPM
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Toxicity Table 1. Requirements and
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Screening Process development Route
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Progress in improving safety Pestic
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type of formulation, and warning pr
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The pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is mo
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Studying the effects of pesticides
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of the risk is a quantitative issue
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egistry could be linked to the lice
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poisoned through mishandling of an
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no documented incident could be fou
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Region Table 3. Use of using pictog
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of fluorinated HDPE because fluorin
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Current initiatives, at the interna
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inding within their jurisdictions.
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Benefits of a hazard auditor From t
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different agencies take to be permi
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industry and of its serving to legi
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Anonymous. 1988a. FAO code of condu
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(Adam 1976; Fraser and Burrill 1979
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in the lower price categories tend
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Anas, N.; Jusoh Mamat, Md.; Heong,
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Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan
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Materials and methods Assessment of
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At the end of each day's operations
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Table 3. Number of garments chafing
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underlines the need to change attit
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Evaluation and management of pestic
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target and react with some crucial
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scientists on a contractual basis,
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pesticides in developing countries
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Regional information resources for
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Table 2. Number of enquiries receiv
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extent of this problem in developin
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Promoting the safe use of pesticide
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pests) is observed. Thus, the "quic
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is one of principal agencies respon
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Pretesting materials in training an
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of costly medical technologies and
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The agricultural sector has by far
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At the community level, the extent
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Neufeld, V. 1989. Community-based m
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Outline for learning module using o
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WHO (World Health Organization). 19
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In the past decade, tremendous effo
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Jiang-Su province Results and discu
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As a result of deregulation, the nu
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Table 3. Proportion of workers usin
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Shih, J.H.; Wu, Z.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.;
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Pesticides and wildlife: a short gu
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Using target-specific products mini
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specifications. Other data are asse
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Formulation-specific concerns The e
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mirex, and chiordecone have been ba
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1984). The base for pesticide granu
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e more stringently reviewed. In Can
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For example, searching for carcasse
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overlooked. In developing countries
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Establish monitoring programs to de
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Grue, C.E.; Fleming, W.J.; Busby, D
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Schafer, E.W., Jr; Brunton, R.B. 19
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Table 1. Prevalence and distributio
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By 1980, resistance to at least one
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tries. Japanese encephalitis has be
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to the targeted larvae of mosquitoe
Page 283 and 284: The role of the community Many prob
Page 285 and 286: from locally available sacking mate
Page 287 and 288: services. The project also includes
Page 289 and 290: Maxwell, C.A.; Curtis, C.F.; Haji,
Page 291 and 292: Botanical pesticides: optimizing pe
Page 293 and 294: neurotoxin but a cytotoxin, cross-r
Page 295 and 296: MoDuscicide- and pesticide-developm
Page 297 and 298: A development plan has been identif
Page 299 and 300: and environmental effects must be d
Page 301 and 302: Devitt, B.D.; Philogène, B.J.R.; H
Page 303 and 304: Endod, a potential natural pesticid
Page 305 and 306: University in Ottawa, and in other
Page 307 and 308: in the field (Lugt 1981), 137 500 m
Page 309 and 310: Hutchinson, J.; Dalziel, J.M. 1929.
Page 311 and 312: Community participation, including
Page 313 and 314: Acknowledgment- This research has b
Page 315 and 316: multiplication. The high temperatur
Page 317 and 318: Because pesticides are required in
Page 319 and 320: Africa and now East Africa. The suc
Page 321 and 322: Integrated pest management 1PM may
Page 323 and 324: to risk crop damage. Close involvem
Page 325 and 326: Ramos-Ocampo, V.E.; Magallona, E.D.
Page 327 and 328: esidues on fresh and cooked vegetab
Page 329 and 330: Grassy strip 108 N Farmer's Experim
Page 331 and 332: Table 1. Description and efficiency
Page 333: Table 3. Cost (PHP) of pest managem
Page 337 and 338: PART V APPENDICES
Page 339 and 340: Ravindra Fernando, National Poisons
Page 341 and 342: Frank White, Pan-American Health Or
Page 343 and 344: ECHO abdominal ultrasonograph EEG e
Page 345 and 346: URT upper respiratory tract USAID U
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