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McConnell, E.E.; et al. 1980. The chronic toxicity of PCP in cattle. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 52,468-490. Mechkov G.; Petkova, V.; Zakariev, N. 1987. Bromsulphatein clearance in persons in occupational contact with pesticides. Problemi na Khigienata, 12, 99-102. Moses, M. 1989. Pesticide-related health problems and farm workers. AOHN Journal, 37(3), 115-130. Risch S.C.; Janowsky, D.S. 1984. Cholinergic-adrenergic balance in affective illness. In Post, R.M.; Ballenger, J.C., ed., Neurobiology of mood disorders. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, USA. Pp. 652-663. Roan, C.C.; Morgan, D.P. 1971. Absorption, storage and metabolic conversion of ingested DDT and DDT metabolites. Archives of Environmental Health, 22(3), 301-308. El Samra, G.H.; Amr, MM.; Osman, A.L.; Nahlah, M.A. 1984. Neuropsychiatric manifestation due to zinc phosphate exposure. Egyptian Journal of Occupational Medicine, 8(2), 177-196. Savage, E.P.; Keefe, T.J.; Mounce, L.M.; Heaton, R.K.; Lewis, J.A.; Burcar, P.J. 1988. Chronic neurological sequelae of acute organophosphate pesticide poisoning. Archives of Environmental Health, 43(1), 38-45. Sridhar, M.K. 1986. Pesticide usage and poisoning in Nigeria. Journal of the Royal Society of Health, 1986, 182-184. Wegever, N.R.; et al. 1982. Myocardial disease. In Hurst, J.W., ed., The heart (5th ed.). McGraw Hill, New York, NY, USA. Weiss, B. 1988. Behavior as an early indicator of pesticide toxicity. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 4(3), 351-360. WHO (World Health Organization). 1985. Environmental pollution control in relation to development. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. Technical Report 718. 1989. Dichlorvos. In Environmental and health criteria. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. P. 157. Xue Shou-Zheng. 1987. Health effects of pesticides. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 12, 269. Zipf, K.E.; Arndt, T.; Heint, R. 1976. Klinisch seoboehtunger beiciner phostoocin- Vergiftung. Archives of Toxicology, 22, 209-222. [Cited in Hayes 1982.1 130
Extent of exposure of farm workers to organophosphate pesticides in the Jordan Valley R.M Sansur,1 S. Kuttab,2 and S. Abu-AI-Haj1 Center for Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences and 2Chemistry Department, Birzeit University, West Bank, via Israel The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which farm workers were exposed to organophosphate pesticides and, based on the results, to develop a program to teach farmers safe practices in the handling and use of pesticides. Low acetyicholinesterase (AChE) levels were found among participating farmers; recovery was dependent on the dose. AChE levels were higher during the spraying season than at the end of the season possibly due to enzyme induction resulting from long-term exposure. Legs were the parts of the body most exposed during spraying. A knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) survey revealed lack of knowledge about the safe handling of pesticides and the dose required for spraying. An intensive long-term training program on the safe use of pesticides is urgently needed. When used properly, pesticides have been of tremendous benefit to humans and the environment, but, when used carelessly, they have caused considerable and, in some instances, inestimable harm. In developing countries, the increasing use of pesticides in agriculture and the absence of adequate worker education and effective control measures have given rise to a growing concern about the magnitude of the health risk to farm workers exposed to these chemicals. It is suspected that many illnesses and deaths go unrecorded. In the Jordan Valley of the West Bank (Al Ghor), spraying of crops with pesticides has increased tremendously over the last 20 years. The increased use of dangerous organophosphate insecticides as substitutes for chlorinated hydrocarbons, which degrade more slowly and have a higher environmental impact, has added a new dimension to a serious occupational health problem in this area. 131
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Impact of pesticide use on health i
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IMPACT OF PESTICIDE USE ON HEALTH I
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©International Development Researc
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Contents Acknowledgments viii Forew
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Control of disease vectors: a curre
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Foreword From their first appearanc
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PART! EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PESTICIDE POI
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Although pesticides are used both i
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Table 1. Introduction of pesticides
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problem. The International Developm
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impact of pesticides on Canadian wi
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investigated further. For example,
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Conclusions The subject of this vol
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Jusoh Mamat, M.; Anas, A.N.; Heong,
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Health-risk assessment of pesticide
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especially in the absence of comple
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depends largely on external factors
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Specific situations may require spe
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that the best possible work is done
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doses (chronic poisoning) or delaye
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Table 1. Poisoning incidents in fou
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Pesticide research for public healt
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Current pest control practices in T
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800- 400- 200 - 1980 1981 1982 1983
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designed 30-40 years ago (Jusoh Mam
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and tore easily. One investigation
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education, mass-communication tools
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Increase and improve training activ
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Castaneda, C.P. 1988. Pesticide poi
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Ooi, A.C.P.; Heong, K.L.; Lim, B.K.
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Investigations into acute pyrethroi
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Level of exposure To assess the lev
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Table 2. Cases of acute pyrethroid
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(in 121 subjects), usually develope
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Deltamethrin was detectable in the
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pyrethroid poisoning. Therefore, th
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Gilliatt, R.W.; Willison, R.G. 1963
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Table 1. Value of imported pesticid
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Study two Twelve farmers participat
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All activities Left hand (73.2) Lef
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Acknowledgment- The three studies r
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Since the creation of Pakistan in 1
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Table 1. Incidents of pesticide poi
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Sandu, S.S.; Waters, M.D.; Simmon,
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and chlordane. Pest resistance to t
Page 91 and 92: young workers was 15.8%, 6.8%, and
Page 93 and 94: Storage of pesticides Although the
Page 95 and 96: Discussion The lowland regions and
Page 97 and 98: Pulmonary obstructive disease in a
Page 99 and 100: To investigate the presence and mea
Page 101 and 102: Age (years) Table 1. Distribution o
Page 103 and 104: was among paraquat users who smoked
Page 105 and 106: Levin, P.J.; Klaff, L.J.; Rose, A.G
Page 107 and 108: the delta. The total population of
Page 109 and 110: The successive and simultaneous rel
Page 111 and 112: on clinical studies and laboratory
Page 113 and 114: This made the collection of blood s
Page 115 and 116: Table 1. Relation between informati
Page 117 and 118: analysis, and engaging in various t
Page 119 and 120: Table 1. Value (million KSH) of pes
Page 121 and 122: To develop a health-education packa
Page 123 and 124: Storage site Table 3. Storage of ag
Page 125 and 126: Table 5. Causes of agrochemical and
Page 127 and 128: Methods A pilot field survey was un
Page 129 and 130: Conclusion The practices followed b
Page 131 and 132: manufactured or formulated locally,
Page 133 and 134: However, based on individual compla
Page 135 and 136: Table 4. Acetylcholinesterase activ
Page 137 and 138: Age did not appear to be an importa
Page 139 and 140: eactions to the pesticides in occup
Page 141: Bowers, M,B.; Goodman, E.; Sim, V.M
Page 145 and 146: Group III consisted of 31 farmers w
Page 147 and 148: 25 - 0 Level of exposure J Group 1,
Page 149 and 150: Pesticides were stored everywhere c
Page 151 and 152: Table 2. Concluded. Question Answer
Page 153 and 154: PART II RELATING PESTICIDE DEVELOPM
Page 155 and 156: Toxicity Table 1. Requirements and
Page 157 and 158: Screening Process development Route
Page 159 and 160: Progress in improving safety Pestic
Page 161 and 162: type of formulation, and warning pr
Page 163 and 164: The pyrethroid, cypermethrin, is mo
Page 165 and 166: Studying the effects of pesticides
Page 167 and 168: of the risk is a quantitative issue
Page 169 and 170: egistry could be linked to the lice
Page 171 and 172: poisoned through mishandling of an
Page 173 and 174: no documented incident could be fou
Page 175 and 176: Region Table 3. Use of using pictog
Page 177 and 178: of fluorinated HDPE because fluorin
Page 179 and 180: Current initiatives, at the interna
Page 181 and 182: inding within their jurisdictions.
Page 183 and 184: Benefits of a hazard auditor From t
Page 185 and 186: different agencies take to be permi
Page 187 and 188: industry and of its serving to legi
Page 189 and 190: Anonymous. 1988a. FAO code of condu
Page 191 and 192: (Adam 1976; Fraser and Burrill 1979
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in the lower price categories tend
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Anas, N.; Jusoh Mamat, Md.; Heong,
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Zam, A.K. 1980. Bancian pengurusan
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Materials and methods Assessment of
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At the end of each day's operations
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Table 3. Number of garments chafing
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underlines the need to change attit
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Evaluation and management of pestic
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target and react with some crucial
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scientists on a contractual basis,
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pesticides in developing countries
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Regional information resources for
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Table 2. Number of enquiries receiv
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extent of this problem in developin
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Promoting the safe use of pesticide
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pests) is observed. Thus, the "quic
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is one of principal agencies respon
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Pretesting materials in training an
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of costly medical technologies and
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The agricultural sector has by far
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At the community level, the extent
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Neufeld, V. 1989. Community-based m
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Outline for learning module using o
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WHO (World Health Organization). 19
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In the past decade, tremendous effo
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Jiang-Su province Results and discu
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As a result of deregulation, the nu
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Table 3. Proportion of workers usin
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Shih, J.H.; Wu, Z.Q.; Zhang, Y.X.;
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Pesticides and wildlife: a short gu
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Using target-specific products mini
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specifications. Other data are asse
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Formulation-specific concerns The e
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mirex, and chiordecone have been ba
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1984). The base for pesticide granu
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e more stringently reviewed. In Can
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For example, searching for carcasse
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overlooked. In developing countries
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Establish monitoring programs to de
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Grue, C.E.; Fleming, W.J.; Busby, D
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Schafer, E.W., Jr; Brunton, R.B. 19
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Table 1. Prevalence and distributio
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By 1980, resistance to at least one
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tries. Japanese encephalitis has be
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to the targeted larvae of mosquitoe
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The role of the community Many prob
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from locally available sacking mate
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services. The project also includes
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Maxwell, C.A.; Curtis, C.F.; Haji,
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Botanical pesticides: optimizing pe
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neurotoxin but a cytotoxin, cross-r
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MoDuscicide- and pesticide-developm
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A development plan has been identif
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and environmental effects must be d
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Devitt, B.D.; Philogène, B.J.R.; H
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Endod, a potential natural pesticid
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University in Ottawa, and in other
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in the field (Lugt 1981), 137 500 m
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Hutchinson, J.; Dalziel, J.M. 1929.
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Community participation, including
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Acknowledgment- This research has b
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multiplication. The high temperatur
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Because pesticides are required in
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Africa and now East Africa. The suc
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Integrated pest management 1PM may
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to risk crop damage. Close involvem
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Ramos-Ocampo, V.E.; Magallona, E.D.
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esidues on fresh and cooked vegetab
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Grassy strip 108 N Farmer's Experim
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Table 1. Description and efficiency
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Table 3. Cost (PHP) of pest managem
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in the field. These pests were the
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PART V APPENDICES
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Ravindra Fernando, National Poisons
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Frank White, Pan-American Health Or
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ECHO abdominal ultrasonograph EEG e
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URT upper respiratory tract USAID U
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